Wakjira Fekadu

15/11/2025

Erling Haaland 🇳🇴 has already outscored Alexander Isak's 🇸🇪 goal tally in all competitions from last season..

We're still in November 😳

15/11/2025

የማርበርግ ቫይረስ በሽታ ምንነት፣ መተላለፊያ መንገዶችና መከላከያ ዘዴዎች



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12/11/2025

ወቅታዊ የጤና ጉዳይን አስመልክቶ የተሰጠ መግለጫ

Website: moh.gov.et
Facebook: facebook.com/EthiopiaFMoH
Twitter: x.com/fmohealth
YouTube: youtube.com/
Tiktok: tiktok.com/
Telegram: t.me/M0H_EThiopia
Linkedin: lnkd.in/ewFJ6VAB

12/11/2025

Prothrombin Time (PT) Test
1. Objective
The test was performed to measure the time it took for blood plasma to clot, assessing the efficiency of the extrinsic and common pathways of coagulation. It was mainly used to evaluate clotting disorders and monitor patients on anticoagulant therapy (e.g., warfarin).
2. Principle
The test was based on the activation of the extrinsic clotting pathway by adding tissue thromboplastin and calcium to citrated plasma. The time taken for clot formation was measured in seconds. A prolonged PT indicated a deficiency or inhibition of clotting factors I (fibrinogen), II (prothrombin), V, VII, or X.
3. Materials
• Patient’s citrated plasma sample
• Thromboplastin reagent (tissue factor + calcium)
• Coagulometer or water bath (37°C)
• Test tubes
• Timer or stopwatch
• Pipettes and tips
4. Procedure (Coagulation Test)
1. Blood was collected in a sodium citrate tube (9 parts blood to 1 part anticoagulant).
2. The sample was centrifuged to separate plasma.
3. 0.1 mL of plasma was pipetted into a test tube or cuvette and incubated at 37°C.
4. 0.2 mL of pre-warmed thromboplastin reagent was added.
5. The timer was started immediately, and the clot formation time was recorded in seconds.
6. The test was also performed using an automated coagulometer for accuracy.
5. Result
• Normal Range: 11–15 seconds
• Prolonged PT: Indicates deficiency or dysfunction of clotting factors, liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, or effect of anticoagulant drugs.
• INR (International Normalized Ratio): Calculated to standardize PT results; normal range is 0.8–1.2 for healthy individuals and 2.0–3.0 for patients on warfarin therapy.
6. Uses
• To assess bleeding and clotting disorders.
• To monitor patients on oral anticoagulants (warfarin).
• To evaluate liver function and vitamin K status.
• To investigate unexplained bleeding or bruising before surgery.
7. Consultation
Abnormal PT results were reviewed by a physician or hematologist. Adjustments in anticoagulant

12/11/2025

Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) Test
1. Objective
The test was performed to detect acid-fast bacilli, particularly Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in clinical specimens like sputum, pus, or tissue samples.
2. Principle
AFB have a lipid-rich cell wall containing mycolic acids, which resist decolorization by acid-alcohol after staining with carbol fuchsin.
• Ziehl-Neelsen or Kinyoun staining methods were commonly used.
• Acid-fast organisms retained the red color of carbol fuchsin, while non-acid-fast cells were counterstained blue with methylene blue.
3. Materials
• Clinical specimen (sputum, pus, tissue)
• Clean glass slides
• Carbol fuchsin stain
• Acid-alcohol solution
• Methylene blue or malachite green (counterstain)
• Bunsen burner or hot plate
• Microscope with oil immersion
• PPE (gloves, lab coat, mask)
4. Procedure (Microscopic)
1. A thin smear of the specimen was prepared on a clean slide and air-dried.
2. The smear was heat-fixed over a flame.
3. Carbol fuchsin was applied and heated gently to steaming for a few minutes.
4. The slide was washed with water.
5. Acid-alcohol solution was applied to decolorize non-acid-fast cells.
6. The smear was rinsed and counterstained with methylene blue for 30–60 seconds.
7. After washing and air-drying, the slide was examined under oil immersion.
5. Result
• Positive: Red, slender, slightly curved rods were seen against a blue background, indicating AFB.
• Negative: No red bacilli were observed; only blue-stained background cells were visible.
• Grading (optional) was done according to the number of bacilli per field.
6. Uses
• Diagnosis of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
• Detection of non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections.
• Monitoring response to anti-tubercular therapy.
• Screening in high-risk or symptomatic patients.
7. Consultation
Positive findings were reported to a clinician or TB specialist. Further tests, such as culture, GeneXpert, or PCR, were recommended for confirmation. Treatment plans were adjusted

08/11/2025

Gram Staining
1. Objective:
The objective of this test was to differentiate bacterial species into Gram-positive and Gram-negative groups based on the differences in their cell wall structure.
2. Principle:
The test was based on the ability of bacterial cell walls to retain the primary dye (crystal violet) after decolorization with alcohol. Gram-positive bacteria retained the crystal violet–iodine complex due to their thick peptidoglycan layer and appeared purple, while Gram-negative bacteria lost the primary stain and took up the counterstain (safranin), appearing pink or red.
3. Materials:
• Bacterial smear on glass slide
• Crystal violet (primary stain)
• Gram’s iodine (mordant)
• 95% ethanol or acetone (decolorizer)
• Safranin (counterstain)
• Microscope
• Inoculating loop and Bunsen burner
• Distilled water
4. Procedure (Microscopic Observation):
1. A thin smear of bacterial culture was prepared on a clean glass slide and heat-fixed.
2. The slide was flooded with crystal violet for 1 minute and then rinsed with water.
3. Gram’s iodine was added for 1 minute to form the crystal violet–iodine complex, followed by rinsing.
4. The slide was treated with ethanol for 15–20 seconds to decolorize and immediately rinsed with water.
5. The smear was counterstained with safranin for 1 minute and rinsed again.
6. The slide was air-dried and observed under oil immersion (100× objective).
7. The color and morphology of bacteria were noted microscopically.
5. Result:
• Gram-positive bacteria: Appeared purple/violet (e.g., Staphylococcus, Bacillus).
• Gram-negative bacteria: Appeared pink/red (e.g., Escherichia coli, Salmonella).
6. Uses:
• Primary identification and classification of bacteria.
• Determination of antibiotic susceptibility trends.
• Selection of appropriate culture media and biochemical tests.
• Observation of bacterial shape, arrangement, and purity of culture.
7. Consultation:
Results were recommended to be correlated with culture characteristics and biochem

07/11/2025

06/11/2025

HDL Cholesterol (High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol) Test
1. Objective
The objective of this test was to determine the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in the patient’s serum to help evaluate cardiovascular health and lipid metabolism.
________________________________________
2. Principle
The test was based on the precipitation or enzymatic method. In the precipitation method, low-density (LDL) and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) were precipitated out using a phosphotungstic acid-magnesium chloride reagent, leaving HDL cholesterol in the supernatant.
The cholesterol content of this HDL fraction was then determined enzymatically by the cholesterol oxidase–peroxidase (CHOD-POD) method, producing a red-colored quinoneimine dye measured spectrophotometrically at 505 nm. The color intensity was directly proportional to HDL concentration.
________________________________________
3. Materials
• Serum sample (fasting, clear, non-hemolyzed)
• HDL precipitation reagent (phosphotungstic acid + magnesium chloride)
• Cholesterol reagent (CHOD-POD reagent)
• Centrifuge
• Pipettes and test tubes
• Spectrophotometer or autoanalyzer
________________________________________
4. Procedure (Analytical)
1. The serum sample was mixed with the HDL precipitation reagent and allowed to stand for 10 minutes at room temperature.
2. The mixture was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes to separate the clear supernatant containing HDL.
3. The HDL fraction was collected and treated as a sample in the CHOD-POD cholesterol assay.
4. The mixture was incubated at 37°C for 10 minutes.
5. Absorbance was measured at 505 nm against a reagent blank.
6. The HDL cholesterol concentration was calculated using the standard or calibration factor.
________________________________________
5. Result
The test showed the HDL cholesterol level in the serum.
Normal range:
• Males: 40–60 mg/dL
• Females: 50–70 mg/dL
________________________________________
6. Uses
• It was used to assess ri

05/11/2025

Shout out to my newest followers! Excited to have you onboard! Surafal Abie Gete, Eyasu Haile

05/11/2025

Total Viable Count (TVC) in Purified Water
1. Objective:
The objective of this test was to determine the total number of viable aerobic microorganisms present in purified water used in pharmaceutical or laboratory processes.
2. Principle:
The principle was based on filtering a known volume of purified water through a sterile membrane filter, placing the filter on nutrient-rich agar, and incubating it to allow viable microorganisms to grow into visible colonies, which were then counted.
3. Materials:
• Purified water sample
• Membrane filtration unit
• Sterile membrane filters (0.45 µm pore size)
• Nutrient agar and Sabouraud dextrose agar (for bacteria and fungi)
• Sterile Petri dishes
• Incubator (30–35°C for bacteria, 20–25°C for fungi)
• Forceps and sterile containers
• Colony counter
4. Procedure (Microscopic not applicable, general procedure):
1. The membrane filtration unit was assembled and sterilized.
2. A measured volume (usually 100 ml) of purified water was passed through a sterile membrane filter.
3. The filter was aseptically transferred to a plate containing nutrient agar (for bacteria) and another plate with Sabouraud dextrose agar (for fungi).
4. Plates were incubated at 30–35°C for 48 hours (bacteria) and at 20–25°C for 5 days (fungi).
5. After incubation, visible colonies on each plate were counted.
5. Result:
The number of colonies was recorded and expressed as colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml) of purified water. A low count or no growth indicated acceptable water quality, while a high count indicated microbial contamination.
6. Uses:
• To monitor microbiological quality of purified water used in pharmaceutical and laboratory applications.
• To ensure compliance with pharmacopeial standards (e.g., USP, BP).
• To detect possible biofilm formation in water systems.
7. Consultation:
If the microbial count exceeded acceptable limits, the purified water system was sanitized or disinfected. The source of contamination, such as filters, stora

28/10/2025

Liver Function Test (LFT)
1. Objective
The objective of the Liver Function Test was to evaluate the functional and structural status of the liver by measuring serum levels of enzymes, proteins, and bilirubin.
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2. Principle
The principle was based on the estimation of liver enzymes and biochemical substances that reflected liver activity. Increased enzyme levels such as ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT indicated liver cell damage or obstruction, while changes in bilirubin and protein levels reflected impaired liver metabolism and excretion.
________________________________________
3. Materials
The materials used were:
• Patient’s serum sample
• Test tubes and pipettes
• Reagents for ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and total protein
• Spectrophotometer or automated biochemistry analyzer
• Distilled water and controls
________________________________________
4. Procedure (Microscopic / Analytical)
1. Blood was collected from the patient and allowed to clot.
2. The serum was separated by centrifugation.
3. Specific reagents were added to the serum according to each test protocol (ALT, AST, ALP, etc.).
4. The reaction mixture was incubated at the required temperature and time.
5. The absorbance was measured using a spectrophotometer at specific wavelengths.
6. The enzyme activity or concentration was calculated according to the standard or analyzer reading.
________________________________________
5. Result
The results were expressed in units per liter (U/L) or mg/dL.
Normal values:
• ALT: 7–56 U/L
• AST: 5–40 U/L
• ALP: 44–147 U/L
• GGT: 9–48 U/L
• Total bilirubin: 0.2–1.2 mg/dL
• Total protein: 6.0–8.3 g/dL
• Albumin: 3.5–5.0 g/dL
Increased values indicated liver damage, obstruction, or other hepatic disorders.
________________________________________
6. Uses
The test was used to:
• Diagnose liver diseases such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, and jaundice
• Monitor liver function in patients on hepatotoxic drugs
• Assess t