31/08/2025
📃Physical examination tests in the acute phase of shoulder injuries with negative radiographs: a diagnostic accuracy study,
(June 2025)
📌 Background
Rotator cuff tears may easily be missed in patients with acute shoulder trauma.
Evidence in support of shoulder physical examination tests has been considered insufficient in reviews and meta-analyses.
Purpose: explore whether physical examination tests can effectively predict or rule out acute full-thickness rotator cuff tears.
🧪 Methods
120 consecutive patients aged ≥ 40 years with acute shoulder injury without fracture on plain x-rays were enrolled prospectively.
Thirteen physical examination tests and ultrasound screening as reference standard, were performed blinded to each other.
👥 Participants
Median age 55 years, 51% female.
Prevalence of rotator cuff full-thickness tear and/or occult fracture of the insertion: 38%.
Almost all tears involved the supraspinatus tendon (n = 36).
🧾 Results
Highest test accuracy: inability to abduct above 90°, resisted abduction pain, and external rotation strength.
Inability to abduct above 90°: Sensitivity 84%, Specificity 71%, Diagnostic Odds Ratio (DOR) 12.9.
External rotation strength (small finger test): Sensitivity 66%, Specificity 86%, DOR 12.4.
Combining inability to abduct above 90° + weakness in external rotation: Sensitivity > 90%, DOR > 22, but specificity decreased.
🩺 Conclusions
Two simple tests (inability to abduct above 90° and weakness in external rotation) may effectively predict full-thickness tears of the supra- and infraspinatus and/or occult fracture at their insertion.
The test combination may be useful for selecting patients for advanced imaging and for diagnostic purposes when such imaging is not available.
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Link to Article 👇