19/07/2025
BEN & CAREGIVER TRAUMA HISTORY
Globally, up to 90% of individuals will experience at least one traumatic event during their lifetime [1]. That’s a lot of potentially traumatised parents! No wonder Philip Larkin wrote the now famous line, “They f**k you up, your mum and dad”.
Effects of trauma can be attributed to incomplete emotion processes in the neurophysiology, otherwise referred to as incomplete emotology, (Somatic Tao’s workihg hypothesis). Emotion energy is meant to act. It is the energy of “doing” and drives all behaviour in our biology, from the synthesis of neurochemicals to the gross movement of our organs and musculoskeletal system. When emotology is impeded, the unused emotion energy remains in our neurophysiology creating internal imbalance, heat and toxicity. Not only that, impaired emotology impedes development of emoturity, (neurophysiology emotional maturity), which in turn shapes behaviour, attitudes and personality traits. All of which influence ability to relate to others and to parent/caregive.
Poor caregiver emotology and emoturity increases risk of caregiver emotional dysregulation [2], and nervous system overwhelm, dissociation and freeze. All can have a profound impact on caregiver-baby bonding; lead to impaired [3] or adverse parenting behaviours [4]; and even increase potential for baby abuse [5]. For example, research has shown caregiver trauma to be associated with adverse developmental outcomes in children including PTSD symptoms, externalising behaviour, (e.g., aggression), and internalising behaviour, (e.g., anxiety, depression) [6].
On a positive note, improvements in caregiver emotology and thus emoturity can:
📌 foster more consistent and nurturing caregiving; and
📌 support babyhood emotology and emoturity [7]; and thereby
📌 promote development of neurophysiological resilience [8]; where
📌 neurophysiological resilience helps protect from future psychological and physical illness
To conclude, trauma likely results from impaired emotology leading to impaired emoturity, where the latter goes on to impact ability to emotionally relate. Hence caregiver trauma puts a baby at risk of BEN, Babyhood Emotional Neglect.
OTHER INFORMATION:
📌 Introduction of BEN: https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=894198262721482&set=a.457198723088107
📌 BEN & In-utero, Birth & Separation
https://www.facebook.com/share/p/16V89C7TSG/
📌 BEN & Maternal Complications
https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1EMuNdNyAw/
📌 BEN & Feeding Issues
https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1AY8b7J8Wb
📌 BEN & Distracted Breastfeeding
https://www.facebook.com/share/p/15uqVbXCZ4/
📌 BEN & Caregiver Stress/Lack of Support
https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19XTYtMes3/
📌 BEN & Caregiver “Mental” Illness
https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1E3WANEjQS/
📌 BEN & Domestic Violence
https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1D9gJgrX3j/
📌 BEN & Caregiver Substance Use
https://www.facebook.com/share/p/14Gun6yqaL7/
📌 BEN & Caregiver Poverty
https://www.facebook.com/share/p/16kRm3eH4R/
RESEARCH:
[1] Benjet, C.; Bromet, E.; Karam, E.G.; Kessler, R.C.; McLaughlin, K.A.; Ruscio, A.M.; Shahly, V.; Stein, D.J.; Petukhova, M.; Hill, E.; et al. The epidemiology of traumatic event exposure worldwide: Results from the World Mental Health Survey Consortium. Psychol. Med. 2016, 46, 327–343. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715001981
[2] Pat-Horenczyk, R.; Cohen, S.; Ziv, Y.; Achituv, M.; Asulin-Peretz, L.; Blanchard, T.; Schiff, M.; Brom, D. Emotion regulation in mothers and young children faced with trauma. Infant Ment. Health J. 2015, 36, 337–348. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21515
[3] Muzik, M.; Morelen, D.; Hruschak, J.; Rosenblum, K.L.; Bocknek, E.; Beeghly, M. Psychopathology and parenting: An examination of perceived and observed parenting in mothers with depression and PTSD. J. Affect. Disord. 2017, 207, 242–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.035
[4] Leen-Feldner EW, Feldner MT, Knapp A, Bunaciu L, Blumenthal H, Amstadter AB. Offspring psychological and biological correlates of parental posttraumatic stress: review of the literature and research agenda. Clin Psychol Rev. 2013 Dec;33(8):1106-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.09.001
[5] Cohen, L.R.; Hien, D.A.; Batchelder, S. The impact of cumulative maternal trauma and diagnosis on parenting behavior. Child Maltreatment 2008, 13, 27–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559507310045
[6] Moog, N.K.; Cummings, P.D.; Jackson, K.L.; Aschner, J.L.; Barrett, E.S.; Bastain, T.M.; Blackwell, C.K.; Enlow, M.B.; Breton, C.V.; Bush, N.R.; et al. Intergenerational transmission of the effects of maternal exposure to childhood maltreatment in the USA: A retrospective cohort study. Lancet Public Health 2023, 8, e226–e237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(23)00025-7
[7] Powers, A.; Hunnicutt, K.; Stenson, A.; Jovanovic, T.; Kaslow, N.; Bradley, B. Associations Between Emotion Dysregulation Dimensions and Parenting Behaviors in Trauma-Exposed African American Mothers. Child Maltreatment 2022, 27, 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559520988352
[8] Lang, A.J.; Gartstein, M.A. Intergenerational transmission of traumatization: Theoretical framework and implications for prevention. J. Trauma Dissociation 2018, 19, 162–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2017.1329773