European Thyroid Journal

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European Thyroid Journal

The official journal of the European Thyroid Association, publishing basic, translational and clinical thyroidology.
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The European Thyroid Journal publishes papers reporting original research in basic, translational and clinical thyroidology. Original contributions cover all aspects of the field, from molecular and cellular biology to immunology and biochemistry, from physiology to pathology, and from pediatric to adult thyroid diseases with a special focus on thyroid cancer. Readers also benefit from reviews by

noted experts, which highlight especially active areas of current research. The journal will further publish formal guidelines in the field, produced and endorsed by the European Thyroid Association.

06/05/2026

Could ketogenic metabolism offer a new therapeutic angle for anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC)?

A new study by Jiaqi Wang et al. explores the role of ketone body metabolism in ATC. The authors report that the ketone body metabolite, acetoacetate, inhibits ATC cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and induces cell‑cycle arrest via autophagy. In vivo, a ketogenic diet significantly inhibited tumour growth in ATC xenograft models.

Whilst promising, the study outlines areas for future research before these observations can be translated into clinical interventions. Nonetheless, the study represents an interesting step forward in understanding the role of ketone body metabolism in ATC.

🔗 Read the research: https://doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-25-0305

28/04/2026

Amiodarone‑induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) affects 5–10% of patients on amiodarone therapy in Europe and is associated with increased cardiovascular risk, particularly when left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is impaired. Total thyroidectomy has been proposed as the treatment of choice for persistent AIT and has been shown to improve post‑operative LVEF, but the impact of this improvement on cardiovascular outcomes remains unclear.

New research by Samuel Frey et al. evaluates post‑operative major adverse cardiovascular events and cardiac mortality in patients following total thyroidectomy for AIT, comparing those with and without LVEF impairment and identifying pre‑operative factors associated with these outcomes.

Read the research: https://doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-25-0292

15/04/2026

🤖 AI chatbots are increasingly used in medicine, but how reliable are they when multiple management options are clinically reasonable?

A new nationwide survey conducted by Grigoris Effraimidis et al. collected responses from endocrinologists to clinical vignettes on the management of thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology and low‑ and low‑to‑intermediate‑risk PTC. These were compared with outputs from four conversational AI models (ChatGPT, Gemini, Copilot, and DeepSeek), assessing agreement with endocrinologists’ predominant answers, concordance with guidelines, temporal stability, and inter‑model consistency.

The study found substantial variability across AI models, limited temporal reproducibility, and poor alignment with clinical practice. The study highlights the need for ongoing evaluation of the models before they can be safely relied upon for clinical decision-making

Read the full article: https://doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-25-0385

07/04/2026

A new article by Joëlle Wiersema et al. reports on a global collaborative effort involving two rounds of quality‑control exchange among five laboratories with extensive experience in performing diverse deiodinase assays using radioactive tracers.

The study evaluates the feasibility of external quality assurance in deiodinase and thyroid hormone metabolism research, with the goal of improving the comparability of assay results across laboratories.

The findings highlight substantial inter‑laboratory differences and suggest that this initiative may represent an important first step toward greater harmonisation of assays used in basic thyroid hormone research.

Read the full article: doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-26-0041

31/03/2026

Accurate measurement of circulating free thyroid hormones and thyrotropin (TSH) is essential for evaluating thyroid function and ensuring correct diagnosis. Immunoassay platforms, particularly fully automated electrochemiluminescence immunoassays (ECLIAs), are widely used in clinical laboratories due to their high sensitivity, specificity and rapid turnaround. However, despite advanced assay design, clinically significant interferences can still occur.

New research by Chisako Imamura et al. investigates the frequency of interference affecting TSH, free thyroxine (FT4), and free triiodothyronine (FT3) measurements using the Roche ECLIA, along with the associated clinical presentations.

Across more than 124,000 thyroid function tests, 71 cases were confirmed as assay interference. FT3 was the most frequently prone to interference, often due to idiotype antibodies and anti‑streptavidin antibodies. Macro-TSH was also identified in six cases and contributed to unnecessary levothyroxine treatment in some cases.

These findings highlight the importance of recognising interference patterns and maintaining close collaboration between clinicians and laboratory staff to prevent misdiagnosis.

Read the full research: doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-25-0396

24/03/2026

Amiodarone‑induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) is a serious complication of amiodarone therapy, and becomes increasingly challenging when conventional medical therapies fail in refractory cases.

In a new case series, Michelle Maher et al. describe four cases of severe refractory AIT where therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) was used in preparation of thyroidectomy. TPE produced variable biochemical effects, with all patients proceeding to successful thyroidectomy and post-operative euthyroidism.

Their observations reinforce TPE as a useful adjunct in selected cases of refractory AIT, while emphasising that thyroidectomy should not be delayed in pursuit of complete thyroid hormone normalisation.

Read the full article: doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-25-0351

17/03/2026

🧠 Fatigue is one of the most disabling symptoms for many people with Graves’ disease, and for some, it persists long after thyroid hormone levels have normalised.

A new article by Karin Tammelin et al. proposes a hypothesis, supported by preclinical evidence, that autoimmune‑driven inflammation may lead to astrocyte dysfunction and impaired neuronal signalling, contributing to the cognitive, sensory, and emotional symptoms patients describe as profound brain fatigue.

The paper aims to make brain fatigue syndrome identifiable to clinicians & patients, outline potential treatment directions and highlight current knowledge gaps. The article calls for further investigation using advanced biochemical methods, metabolomics, and human imaging to clarify the pathophysiology, and emphasise the importance of supporting patients living with persistent fatigue to improve their quality of life.

Read the full article: doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-25-0172

10/03/2026

Routine calcitonin (CT) measurement in the diagnostic work‑up of thyroid nodular disease remains a highly debated topic. Current European and American guidelines do not endorse its routine use in patients without a family history of hereditary tumour syndromes associated with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC).

A new study by Daniele Ceruti et al. evaluates, for the first time, two reference cohorts of patients with sporadic MTC treated at tertiary referral centres in two European countries - Italy, where routine CT measurement is included in the diagnostic work‑up, and the Netherlands, where it is not.

By comparing clinical presentation and outcomes between these two cohorts, the study provides real‑world insight into the impact of differing diagnostic strategies.

📄 Read the article: doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-25-0381

03/03/2026

👁️‍🗨️ What’s Changed in Thyroid Eye Disease Over the Last Five Years?

A new review by Mario Salvi highlights the significant progress that has been made in the management of thyroid eye disease (TED), attributed to the elucidation of important pathogenic mechanisms and the development of new therapeutics validated in randomised clinical trials.

The review summarises the latest insights across four key areas:
- Clinical assessment
- Targeted therapy
- The role of gut microbiome
- Artificial intelligence

Read the full review: doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-25-0363

25/02/2026

A new expert commentary by Leonidas H Duntas explores the findings of the GRASS trial - a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study evaluating whether selenium (Se) supplementation can enhance remission rates and improve quality of life in patients with Graves’ disease (GD).

The commentary delves into the distinct pathogenic mechanisms and molecular profiles of GD and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT). It also highlights the distinct actions of Se in modulating autoimmune thyroid disease.

🔬 Read the full commentary: doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-26-0009
📊 Explore the GRASS trial: doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-25-0264

17/02/2026

A new study by Jiao Wang et al. uses network toxicology to predict molecular initiators involved in monoethyl phthalate-induced thyroid cancer.

The full integrated analysis uncovered new insights into the potential mechanistic link between monoehyl phthalate and thyroid cancer, nominating a set of candidate genes including ESR1, SKP2, CASP8, ARNT, and CDKN1B as key mediators.

Read the research: doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-25-0198

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