31/03/2026
Acid reflux occurs when stomach contents flow back into the oesophagus, often because the lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) – the valve between the stomach and oesophagus – is not closing effectively.
While reflux is often blamed purely on “too much stomach acid,” the reality is usually more complex. Contributing factors can include:
• Reduced stomach acid affecting digestion and stomach emptying
• Increased pressure in the abdomen (e.g. bloating or weight gain)
• Delayed gastric emptying
• Changes in the gut microbiome
• Certain foods or large meals
• Stress and nervous system dysregulation
• Hormonal changes, which can affect sphincter tone
When digestion is sluggish or pressure builds in the stomach, contents can more easily move upward into the oesophagus, leading to symptoms such as burning, regurgitation, cough or throat irritation.
Supporting digestion, improving meal habits, reducing triggers and addressing underlying gut issues can often make a significant difference.
References
Katz PO et al. (2022). ACG Clinical Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. American Journal of Gastroenterology.
Vakil N et al. (2006). The Montreal Definition and Classification of GERD. American Journal of Gastroenterology.
Gyawali CP & Fass R. (2018). Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Gastroenterology.