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Medical BookShelf, London (2025)

25/07/2022

Irritable bowel syndrome-IBS
IBS is a functional gastrointestinal disorder. These types of disorders generally affectTrusted Source a part of the GI tract with chronic, sporadic, and unpredictable symptoms.
-Symptoms:
changes in bowel habits
abdominal pain and cramping, which often reduce after passing a stool
a feeling that the bowels are not empty after passing stools
passing mucus from the re**um
swelling or bloating of the abdomen

21/07/2022

Benign prostatic hyperplasia:
- Prescription drugs may also be an option for men with BPH. Types of drugs include:
+Alpha Blockers
Alpha blockers are pills used to relax the muscles of the prostate and bladder to reduce BPH symptoms.
Alpha-blocking drugs include alfuzosin, doxazosin, silodosin, tamsulosin and terazosin.
+ 5-Alpha Reducatase Inhibitors
5-alpha reductase inhibitors are pills that can increase urine flow and shrink the prostate by blocking DHT. DHT is a male hormone that can build up in the prostate and may cause prostate growth. These drugs may lower the risk of BPH problems and the need for surgery. Side effects include erectile dysfunction and reduced libido (s*x drive). You must keep taking the pills to prevent symptoms from coming back.
+ Combined Therapy:
Finasteride and doxazosin
Dutasteride and tamsulosin, a combination that is available in a single tablet
Alpha blockers and antimuscarinics
- Less Invasive Surgery:
BPH medication that did not work with the following symptoms:
Weak stream of urine
Straining to start to pass urine
Urinary tract obstruction, bladder stones and/or blood in your urine
Incomplete emptying
Bleeding from the prostate

21/07/2022

Benign prostatic hyperplasia:
- Diagnosis:
+ Urinalysis is required to rule out diagnoses other than BPH that may cause LUTS and may require additional diagnostic tests.
+Recommended: Symptom inventory (should include bother assessment): A formal symptom inventory (e.g., International Prostate Symptom Score [IPSS] or AUA Symptom Index [AUA-SI]) is recommended for an objective assessment of symptoms at initial contact, for followup of symptom evolution for those on watchful waiting, and for evaluation of response to treatment
+ Optional In cases where the physician feels it is indicated or diagnostic uncertainty exists, it is reasonable to proceed with one or more of the following:
Serum creatinine
Urine cytology
Uroflowmetry
Post-void residual
Voiding diary

02/07/2022

Dysentery:
-Treatment:
As dysentery usually gets better on its own after 3 to 7 days, treatment is not usually needed.
However, it's important to drink plenty of fluids and use oral rehydration solutions if necessary to avoid dehydration.
Painkillers, such as paracetamol, can help relieve pain and a fever. Avoid anti-diarrhoea medicines, such as loperamide, because they can make things worse.

02/07/2022

Dysentery:
-Symptoms:
+Symptoms may include:
diarrhea, which can contain blood
feeling the need to pass stool even when the bowels are empty
abdominal pain
fever
+Symptoms typically last around 5–7 daysTrusted Source, though some people may experience symptoms for 4 weeks or more. In some cases, it may take several months for a person’s bowel habits to return to normal.
-Diagnosis:
Stool sample usually will be required for analysis. For bacterial infections such as shigella, the diagnosis is made by culture of the stool

29/06/2022

Hand, foot and mouth disease:
-Symptoms:
Fever
Sore throat
Painful blisters inside a child’s mouth, usually toward the back, or on their tongue
Feeling unwell (malaise)
Loss of appetite
Fatigue
Crankiness
A day or two later, a child might have:
A rash that turns into blisters
Flat spots or sores on their knees, elbows, or buttocks

28/06/2022

Dengue hemorrhagic fever:
-Treatment:
The guidelines recommend that patients suspected or confirmed to have non-severe dengue be managed at
home with bed rest, paracetamol, oral fluids and follow-up haematocrit and platelet counts.
Those with signs of plasma leakage may be followed closely at the out-patient department or admitted to hospital
to receive intravenous fluids (5% dextrose in normal saline solution) at 6ml/kg/hour for 3 hours, reduced to 3ml/kg/
hour with improvement and discontinued after 24 hours. If the patient fails to improve or worsens, intravenous fluid
rate should be gradually increased from 6 to 10ml/kg/hour then changed to colloid (if haemocrit is rising) or blood
(if haematocrit falls and bleeding is suspected). Once improvement is noted, intravenous fluid rate should be
gradually decreased from 10 to 6 to 3ml/kg/hour and discontinued after 24 to 48 hours. The trend in the haematocrit
(stable or gradually decreasing) in conjunction with the clinical signs (stable pulse rate and blood pressure, and
increasing urine output), should be used to assess for improvement. It has sometimes been suggested to continue
or even increase intravenous fluids until the haematocrit decreases or to achieve a particular number. This puts
the patient at risk of fluid overload particularly in the later stages of the illness. Many patients who die, do so of fluid
overload rather than intractable shock.
Patients with signs of circulatory compromise should immediately receive rapid volume replacement with 10-20
ml/kg/hour of crystalloid solution. If no improvement is noted, oxygen should be administered and the crystalloid
solution should be replaced with colloid (if haematocrit is rising) or blood (if haematocrit falls). Again, once
improvement is noted, intravenous fluid rate should be gradually decreased from 10 to 6 to 3ml/kg/hour and
discontinued after 24 to 48 hours

28/06/2022

Dengue hemorrhagic fever in children:
-Symtoms:
+Acute Fever Stage: At this phase, no specific symptoms are present. Children get a high fever (for about 5-6 days) with aching, nausea, and vomiting. During rainy season, if a child has a high fever for over several days, parents should consider the possibility that they have contracted dengue and seek immediate medical attention.
+Critical Stage (3 critical days of possible shock syndrome): After several days with a fever, the child will be weak with body aches, abdominal pain, abdominal bloating, and a loss of appetite, along with redness in the face, palms, and soles. At this stage, the child’s pulse and blood pressure should be monitored regularly. Their water intake and urine output should be checked several times a day. Some children may have abdominal bloating, restlessness, cold hands and feet, and a decreased temperature, which can mislead parents into believing that their child is heading towards recovery. However, they may go into shock within a few hours.
-Diagnosis:
Probable DF is an acute febrile illness with two or more of the following manifestations:
Headache
Myalgia
Arthralgia
Rash
Haemorrhagic manifestations
Leukopaenia
and
Supportive serology
or
Occurrence at the same location and time as other confirmed cases of dengue
+Confirmed DF is a case confirmed by laboratory criteria (isolation of the dengue virus, fourfold or greater change
in antibody titres, demonstration of the dengue virus antigen or genomic sequence).

26/06/2022

Left side heart failure:
High blood pressure medications (such as ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, or angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors)
Medications that decrease edema and remove extra fluid from the body, including diuretics and aldosterone antagonists
Medications that help slow the heart rate, such as beta blockers or ivabradine
SGLT2 inhibitors, such as Jardiance (empagliflozin), which are antidiabetic medications also used to treat cardiovascular disease
Medications called inotropes, which affect the way the heart contracts
Digoxin

26/06/2022

Left-sided heart failure:
-Symtoms:
Constant coughing.
Shortness of breath with walking or bending over.
Waking up short of breath or unable to lie flat at night.
Weight gain.
Swelling (edema) in your ankles, legs or abdomen.

24/06/2022

Hepatitis D:
-Treatment:
+General measures
+Interferon alfa (an antiviral drug)
People with hepatitis D should not drink alcohol because it can damage the liver further. There is no need to avoid certain foods or limit activity.
There is no specific treatment for acute viral hepatitis, including hepatitis D.
Chronic hepatitis D may be treated with interferon alfa, usually for 1 year.
If fulminant hepatitis develops, liver transplantation is the most effective treatment and is the best hope of survival, particularly for adults.

24/06/2022

Hepatitis D:
-The symptoms of hepatitis D virus infection are similar to those experienced with hepatitis B virus infection, and can include:
Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
Gastrointestinal (GI) issues such as nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain.
Tiredness.
Loss of appetite.
Dark-colored urine.
Joint pain.
-Diagnosis:
HDV infection is diagnosed by high levels of anti-HDV immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM), and confirmed by detection of HDV RNA in serum.
However, HDV diagnostics are not widely available and there is no standardization for HDV RNA assays, which are used for monitoring response to antiviral therapy.

23/06/2022

Hepatitis C
-Treatment:
Hepatitis C is treated using direct-acting antiviral (DAA) tablets.
+DAA tablets are the safest and most effective medicines for treating hepatitis C.
+They're highly effective at clearing the infection in more than 90% of people.
+The tablets are taken for 8 to 12 weeks. The length of treatment will depend on which type of hepatitis C you have.
+Some types of hepatitis C can be treated using more than 1 type of DAA.
+NHS-approved hepatitis C medicines include:
sofosbuvir
a combination of ledipasvir and sofosbuvir
a combination of ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir, taken with or without dasabuvir
a combination of elbasvir and grazoprevir
a combination of sofosbuvir and velpatasvir
a combination of sofosbuvir, velpatasvir and voxilaprevir
a combination of glecaprevir and pibrentasvir
ribavirin

23/06/2022

Hepatitis C
-Symptoms:
Bleeding easily.
Bruising easily.
Fatigue.
Poor appetite.
Yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
Dark-colored urine.
Itchy skin.
Fluid buildup in your abdomen (ascites)
-Diagnosis:
+Testing for anti-HCV antibodies with a serological test identifies people who have been infected with the virus.
+If the test is positive for anti-HCV antibodies, a nucleic acid test for HCV ribonucleic acid (RNA) is needed to confirm chronic infection because about 30% of people infected with HCV spontaneously clear the infection by a strong immune response without the need for treatment. Although no longer infected, they will still test positive for anti-HCV antibodies.

21/06/2022

Pulmonary tuberculosis
-Treatment:
+2 antibiotics (isoniazid and rifampicin) for 6 months
+2 additional antibiotics (pyrazinamide and ethambutol) for the first 2 months of the 6-month treatment period

21/06/2022

Pulmonary tuberculosis
-Symtoms:
A cough that lasts more than 3 weeks
Chest pain
Coughing up blood
Feeling tired all the time
Night sweats
Fever
Loss of appetite
Weight loss
-Diagnosis:
A chest X-ray or CT scan
Acid-fast bacillus (AFB) tests for TB bacteria

20/06/2022

Covid 19- Corona virus:
-Treatment:
+Self care
Call your health care provider or COVID-19 hotline to find out where and when to get a test.
Cooperate with contact-tracing procedures to stop the spread of the virus.
If testing is not available, stay home and away from others for 14 days.
While you are in quarantine, do not go to work, to school or to public places. Ask someone to bring you supplies.
Keep at least a 1-metre distance from others, even from your family members.
Wear a medical mask to protect others, including if/when you need to seek medical care.
Clean your hands frequently.
Stay in a separate room from other family members, and if not possible, wear a medical mask.
Keep the room well-ventilated.
If you share a room, place beds at least 1 metre apart.
Monitor yourself for any symptoms for 14 days.
Call your health care provider immediately if you have any of these danger signs: difficulty breathing, loss of speech or mobility, confusion or chest pain.
Stay positive by keeping in touch with loved ones by phone or online, and by exercising at home.

+Medical treatments
Optimal supportive care includes oxygen for severely ill patients and those who are at risk for severe disease and more advanced respiratory support such as ventilation for patients who are critically ill.
Dexamethasone is a corticosteroid that can help reduce the length of time on a ventilator and save lives of patients with severe and critical illness.

20/06/2022

Covid 19- Corona virus:
-Symptoms:
+Most common symptoms:
fever
cough
tiredness
loss of taste or smell
+Less common symptoms:
sore throat
headache
aches and pains
diarrhoea
a rash on skin, or discolouration of fingers or toes
red or irritated eyes
+Serious symptoms:
difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
loss of speech or mobility, or confusion
chest pain
-Diagnosis:
Suspected cases having one of the following etiological or serological evidence:
+A positive real time RT-PCR detection of thenovel coronavirus nucleic acid;
+Viral gene sequencing, highly homologous to the known novel coronavirus;
+The novel coronavirus-specific IgM antibody and IgG antibody test is positive;
+The novel coronavirus-specific IgG antibody changes from negative to positive or
the IgG antibody titer in the recovery phase is 4 times or higher than that in the acute phase

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