31/12/2025
Pulse Oximetry
Pulse oximetry is a non-invasive method used to measure the oxygen saturation (SpO₂) of arterial blood and pulse rate.
📌What it measures
• SpO₂ (%) – percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen
• Pulse rate (beats/min)
📌Normal values
• SpO₂: 95–100%
• Mild hypoxemia: 90–94%
• Moderate–severe hypoxemia: < 90%
📌How it works
• Uses red and infrared light
• Oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin absorb light differently
• A sensor is placed on:
• Fingertip
• Toe
• Earlobe
• Forehead
📌Indications
• Respiratory diseases (asthma, pneumonia, COPD)
• Cardiac conditions
• During anesthesia and surgery
• ICU and emergency monitoring
• COVID-19 and other hypoxic conditions
• Monitoring oxygen therapy effectiveness
👇Advantages
• Painless and quick
• Continuous monitoring
• No blood sample needed
📌Limitations / Causes of false readings
• Poor peripheral perfusion (shock, hypothermia)
• Motion artifact
• Nail polish or artificial nails
• Severe anemia
• Carbon monoxide poisoning
• Bright ambient light
📌Nursing considerations
• Ensure proper sensor placement
• Remove nail polish if possible
• Compare with clinical condition
• Do not rely solely on SpO₂—assess RR, ABGs, and patient symptoms