15/11/2025
Theobald Wolfe Tone, a leader of the 1798 Rebellion who subsequently met a mysterious and violent death while in Brithish custody, had a very important connection with Galway.
One of sixteen children, Tone was born in Dublin in 1763 into a comfortable middle-class Protestant family. He had little interaction with Catholics in his youth, despite the fact that his mother Margaret had been born a Catholic.
Tone entered Trinity College in 1781 to study law, a subject which he admitted to finding uninteresting.
After less than a year, Tone was suspended from the College, having taken part in a duel which led to the death of another student.
Thus, being at a loose end, Tone applied for a tutoring job in Galway which appeared in the newspaper. The job was advertised by Connemara landlord Richard Martin.
During his life, Richard Martin was known as both 'Hair-trigger Dick,' due to his penchant for taking part in duels, and 'Humanity Dick' for his role in founding the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.
Martin owned a house at Dangan, just on the edge of Galway City, and also a castle at Ballinahinch and 200,000 acres between Oughterard and Clifden. This made him the largest landowner in Ireland or Britain at the time.
In 1783, he was searching for a tutor for two of his half-brothers, Anthony and Robert. This was the post for which Tone applied and was accepted.
Tone moved to Galway and took up the job, finding his experience in Dangan to be completely different than anything he had known in Dublin.
The Martins, although Protestants themselves, were popular with the Catholics of Galway and were keenly aware of the injustices faced by them in the form of the Penal Laws. Catholics were regular visitors to the house, something which Tone had not been familiar with in his youth.
This open attitude to Catholics had a profound effect on Wolfe Tone. Martin also wanted to see parliamentary reform and more Irish influence on their own affairs, another opinion which would come to shape Tone's attitude and change the course of Irish history.
During his time in Galway, Wolfe Tone also tried his hand at acting in the newly-opened Kirwin's Lane theatre.
He credited Robert Martin's wife, Eliza, as teaching him how to act.
Tone was enamoured with Eliza and he may even have had an affair with her during one of Robert Martin's many absences to parliament.
Either way, Tone eventually left Galway, married Martha Witherington and had four children. He then qualified as a barrister, a job he did not enjoy.
He also grew more interested in radical politics after the French Revolution and helped to found a group called the United Irishmen in 1791.
He spread his views by writing columns about Ireland and his idea of secession from the empire.
'What are the victories of Britain to us? Nothing! . . . The name of Ireland is never heard: for England, not our country, we fight and we die.'
On another occasion he described England as 'the bane of Ireland's prosperity.'
This talk was considered seditious by many and Wolfe Tone was forced into exile, first in America, then France.
He used his time in France to try and persuade the country's government to attack their old enemy, England, through the back door by sending troops to Ireland.
In 1796, the French duly sent 15,000 soldiers to Ireland to foment rebellion. The fleet was unable to land at Bantry Bay, however, due to terrible storms and they eventually returned to France.
Wolfe Tone was devastated by the missed opportunity but two years later, in May, the 1798 Rising began, seemingly out of nowhere.
Amazingly, it was initially a success, especially in Co. Wexford, which saw several victorious battles for the poorly-armed rebels, who mainly wielded pikes or other farming implements.
These victories caused a huge shock to the establishment. Several engagements in Antrim and Down also occurred and there were battles fought in counties Carlow, Wicklow, Kildare and elsewhere.
Briefly, it looked as if the British could even be defeated.
Eventually, however, after drafting in thousands of well-equipped soldiers and instigating a reign of terror, which included pitch-capping, half-hanging, beheading and mass ex*****on, Ireland was defeated and forced back under British control.
Wolfe Tone had been in France when the Rising began and was unable to return for several weeks. When he did so, he was part of a fleet of 3,000 French soldiers who attempted to land in June.
He was on a ship which was captured after a fierce battle with the British navy off Co. Donegal.
Tone was immediately recognised and arrested and it was decided that he would be court-martialled, his offence of rebelling against the British being considered treasonable. Unsurprisingly, he was found guilty after less than one hour.
He said 'I know my fate, but I neither ask for pardon nor do I complain.'
His only plea was that as a member of the French army he be shot as a soldier rather than hanged. This was rejected.
To the people of Ireland he said 'I have only laboured to abolish the infernal spirit of religious persecution.'
On 19 November 1798, as he awaited ex*****on in a prison cell, Tone was found dead with his throat slit. Whether he had committed the act himself, in an attempt to cheat the hangman, or whether it had been done by someone else is not known.
He was 35 years old
Wolfe Tone was buried in a family plot in Bodenstown Graveyard, Co. Kildare, on 21 November 1798.
Interestingly in 1843, famous patriot and song-writer Thomas Davis visited Tone's resting place and found to his horror that it was overgrown and unmarked.
He wrote the famous song 'In Bodenstown Churchyard' afterwards, lamenting this insult to Wolfe Tone and begging his countrymen to erect a fitting marker for their fallen hero.
'In Bodenstown churchyard, there is a green grave,
And freely around it, let winter winds rave.
Far better they suit him, the ruin and the gloom,
Till Ireland, a nation, can build him a tomb.'
An impressive marker was eventually built and became the scene of an annual pilgrimage for republicans from all over Ireland which continues to this day.
Neither was Wolfe Tone forgotten in Galway, a city he had called home for a spell and which played a huge role in shaping his political beliefs. In 1934, the Wolfe Tone Bridge was opened over the River Corrib where it still stands.
In the 1920s author Seán O Faoileán said of Wolfe Tone:
‘Without Wolfe Tone, republicanism in Ireland would virtually have no tradition.'