Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology 2021 A set of over 27 hours of video lectures, with online video tutorials with Laurence Hattersley
Covers all major structures and systems. ITEC recognized.

The price is €120 and €130 to take ITEC exam, if certificate is required A video lecture set, with online video tutorials
Check website for details
Covers all major structures and systems. The price is €150

21/09/2025

Osteoarthritis vs rheumatoid arthritis
It doesn't say it here, but osteoarthritis isn't officially classified as an inflammatory condition, as the arthritis is consequent to degeneration within the joint. Unlike rheumatoid arthritis, where inflammation proceeds and results in degeneration.

The Lac repressor protein bound to DNA:The Lac operon repressor is a protein in bacteria that binds to DNA when lactose ...
21/09/2025

The Lac repressor protein bound to DNA:
The Lac operon repressor is a protein in bacteria that binds to DNA when lactose is absent, blocking the genes from being expressed. When lactose is present, it releases the DNA, allowing the genes to be expressed.

Trophic Function of Nerves.“It is only in recent years that neuroscientists have ceased to be self-conscious and apologe...
19/09/2025

Trophic Function of Nerves.

“It is only in recent years that neuroscientists have ceased to be self-conscious and apologetic about the use of the word “trophic” in connection with nerves. So long had it been assumed that all neural phenomena could be explained in terms of impulses, electrical potentials, and frequencies (and the neurotransmitters released by impulses) that it was disconcerting to be confronted repeatedly with mysterious but undeniable neural influences on target tissues that could not be related satisfactorily to impulses and reflexes. Following are a few examples:
1. Atrophy of denervation.
2. Morphogenic influences.
3. Role of nerve regeneration.
4. Regulation of genic expression.
5. Nerve-to-muscle transmission.”

Irvin M. Korr, Ph. D., The Spinal Cord as Organiser of Disease Process: (IV) Axonal Transport and Neurotrophic Function in Relation to Somatic Dysfunction, 1981.

Wrist anatomy, between reality and books. 😍Fantastic visual of the carpal tunnel and it's structures! You can see how na...
17/09/2025

Wrist anatomy, between reality and books. 😍
Fantastic visual of the carpal tunnel and it's structures! You can see how narrow it can get in there and how any swelling can compromise the median nerve as happens in carpal tunnel syndrome

The synthesis of protein in any cell begins with mRNA (messenger RNA) coming from a section of 'read' DNA. It then passe...
17/09/2025

The synthesis of protein in any cell begins with mRNA (messenger RNA) coming from a section of 'read' DNA. It then passes out if the nucleus to a ribosome in the cytoplasm, on the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
The ribosome, when it comes together, looks rather like a hamburger, with the mRNA between the two. The nucleotides bases are arranged in groups of three, each called a coding.
Each coding equated with an amino acid, which is brought to it and added to the chain by a tRNA (transfer RNA).
At the end of the process is the primary structure of a protein, which then has to go through folding etc to create a 3D structure

Anterior and Posterior of Lumbar Plexus
16/09/2025

Anterior and Posterior of Lumbar Plexus

Lower extremity neurological examination
15/09/2025

Lower extremity neurological examination

Oxygenation of the blood in the lung: from the right side of the heart, back to the left and thence back to the body
14/09/2025

Oxygenation of the blood in the lung: from the right side of the heart, back to the left and thence back to the body

Tongue position doesn’t just shape the mouth and airway, it influences the whole body. When the tongue rests on the hard...
12/09/2025

Tongue position doesn’t just shape the mouth and airway, it influences the whole body. When the tongue rests on the hard palate, it supports nasal breathing and activates the parasympathetic system, helping regulate heart rate and breathing rhythm. When it falls back toward the soft palate, it can restrict the airway and increase sympathetic activity, keeping the body in a more stressed state.

This lateral cephalometric X-ray highlights segmented airway analysis, with regions D1–D6 dividing the upper airway into measurable sections. These divisions help clinicians assess airway space, tongue posture, and craniofacial relationships that can influence breathing, sleep quality, and overall oral function. Such imaging is often used in orthodontics, sleep medicine, and craniofacial studies to identify structural restrictions that may contribute to issues like sleep-disordered breathing, TMJ dysfunction, or abnormal growth patterns.

The vagus nerve controls the levator veli palatini (LVP) muscle, which plays a key role in opening the eustachian tube. ...
10/09/2025

The vagus nerve controls the levator veli palatini (LVP) muscle, which plays a key role in opening the eustachian tube. This action allows fresh air to enter and fluid to drain into the throat. When vagus nerve function is impaired, the eustachian tube may not open effectively. As a result, fluid can become stagnant, and the lack of proper ventilation creates an environment prone to infection and irritation.

Ideally, the sciatic nerve emerges through the greater sciatic notch deep to the muscle piriformis. However, this isn’t...
09/09/2025

Ideally, the sciatic nerve emerges through the greater sciatic notch deep to the muscle piriformis. However, this isn’t always the fact

A myotome is a area, or group of muscles supplied by one spinal segment (one/any particular level) of the spinal cord
09/09/2025

A myotome is a area, or group of muscles supplied by one spinal segment (one/any particular level) of the spinal cord

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A 6 day course in Cork, 2018, starting Feb 3/4. Check website (www.anatomy4beginners.com) or details Covers all major structures and systems. ITEC recognized. The price is €600

Course Content

Cell Function: Cell membranes – structure and function; Intracellular organelles and their functions; Energy production; Protein synthesis; Nucleus and DNA; Cell division: mitosis and meiosis

Tissue types with functions: Muscle, Nervous, Epithelial, Connective