Mediuses.com

30/08/2025

Why is Isoniazid prescribed?

28/08/2025

27/08/2025

Why is Isoniazid prescribed? Describe by Mediuses.com

27/08/2025

Why is Isoniazid prescribed?

Isoniazid is a well-known antitubercular drug. According to standard medical textbooks of pharmacology, it is mainly prescribed for the following reasons:

1. Primary Use

Isoniazid is the first-line drug for the treatment of Tuberculosis (TB).

It is highly effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria responsible for TB.

2. As Part of Combination Therapy

Isoniazid is not given alone but always in combination with other antitubercular drugs such as Rifampicin, Ethambutol, and Pyrazinamide.

This combination prevents the development of drug resistance in TB bacteria.

3. Preventive (Prophylactic) Use

Isoniazid is also prescribed for the prevention of tuberculosis in individuals who are at high risk of developing the disease.

It is commonly used as Isoniazid prophylaxis for:

Persons who are in close contact with active TB patients.

Individuals with HIV infection.

Children and adolescents exposed to TB.

4. Mechanism of Action (Book Reference Point)

Isoniazid acts by inhibiting the synthesis of mycolic acids, which are essential components of the bacterial cell wall.

This makes the bacterial cell wall weak and leads to the death of the organism.

5. Duration of Therapy

In treatment regimens, Isoniazid is given for 6 to 9 months as part of the standard TB treatment plan.

In preventive therapy, it is often prescribed for 6 months or longer, depending on the risk factor.

26/08/2025

What is the therapeutic use of Rifampicin?

Rifampicin is a broad-spectrum bactericidal antibiotic that belongs to the rifamycin group. It acts by inhibiting DNA-dependent RNA polymerase in bacteria, thereby suppressing RNA synthesis and bacterial multiplication.

📌 Therapeutic Uses (According to Medical Books):

1. Tuberculosis (TB):

Rifampicin is one of the most important first-line anti-tubercular drugs.

It is always used in combination with other anti-TB drugs (like isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol) to prevent drug resistance.

It is effective against both pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis.

2. Leprosy:

Used in multidrug therapy (MDT) for leprosy, along with dapsone and clofazimine.

Highly effective in killing Mycobacterium leprae.

3. Other Bacterial Infections:

Used in prophylaxis and treatment of meningococcal meningitis.

Given for prophylaxis of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis in close contacts.

Sometimes used in severe infections caused by staphylococci (in combination with other drugs).

4. Atypical Mycobacterial Infections:

Effective against some non-tubercular mycobacteria (NTM).

Note:

Rifampicin is never used alone for TB because resistance develops rapidly.

It causes orange-red coloration of urine, sweat, and tears, which is harmless but should be explained to patients.

Hepatotoxicity may occur, so liver function monitoring is important during therapy.

✅ In summary, the main therapeutic use of Rifampicin is as a key first-line drug for tuberculosis, along with important roles in leprosy, meningitis prophylaxis, and other bacterial infections.

26/08/2025

What is the therapeutic use of Rifampicin?

25/08/2025

For what purpose is Tramadol given?

Tramadol is a synthetic centrally acting analgesic that belongs to the group of opioid analgesics, though it is weaker than morphine.

📌 Main Purpose (According to Medical Books):

Tramadol is prescribed for the relief of moderate to moderately severe pain.

It acts by binding to µ-opioid receptors in the brain and also inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, which enhances its pain-relieving effect.

It is commonly given in conditions like:

Post-operative pain (after surgery)

Musculoskeletal pain (such as back pain, arthritis)

Neuropathic pain (pain due to nerve damage)

Cancer-related pain (when non-opioid drugs are not sufficient)

📖 Important Medical Note:

Tramadol is less likely to cause respiratory depression compared to morphine, but risk of dependence, seizures, and drug interactions exist.

It is given under medical advice, usually in tablet or injection form, and the dose is adjusted according to the patient’s need.

✅ Therefore, the main purpose of Tramadol is to manage moderate to severe pain, especially when non-opioid analgesics are not effective.

24/08/2025

What is the main use of Morphine?

Morphine is a naturally occurring opioid analgesic obtained from the o***m poppy. It is considered the gold standard drug for the relief of severe pain.

Main Use

Morphine is primarily used for the management of severe and chronic pain, especially when other analgesics (like NSAIDs) are not effective.

It is commonly prescribed in post-operative pain, cancer pain, myocardial infarction pain, and in certain cases of palliative care to improve comfort.

It acts by binding to opioid receptors (mainly µ-receptors) in the central nervous system, thereby reducing the perception of pain and altering the emotional response to pain.

Besides pain, morphine also has the ability to relieve dyspnea (difficulty in breathing) associated with pulmonary edema in heart failure.

Important Note:

Morphine must be administered with caution due to its risks of tolerance, dependence, and respiratory depression.

It is usually given under strict medical supervision in hospital or palliative care settings.

Thus, the main use of Morphine is to provide powerful relief from severe and unbearable pain in patients who require strong analgesia.

23/08/2025

Why is Phenytoin Prescribed?

Phenytoin is a well-established anticonvulsant drug mainly used in the management of seizure disorders. According to standard medical textbooks of pharmacology, phenytoin works by stabilising neuronal membranes and reducing repetitive firing of action potentials through modulation of sodium channels.

🔹 Main Uses of Phenytoin:

1. Epilepsy (Seizure Disorders):

Effective in generalised tonic-clonic seizures (grand mal).

Used in partial seizures (both simple and complex).

2. Status Epilepticus (Emergency Use):

Intravenous phenytoin is employed in controlling acute prolonged seizures when benzodiazepines alone are not sufficient.

3. Cardiac Arrhythmias:

Sometimes used in the management of certain ventricular arrhythmias, particularly those caused by digitalis toxicity.

🔹 Important Points from Textbooks:

Not effective in absence seizures (petit mal).

Long-term therapy requires careful dose adjustment due to its narrow therapeutic index.

Monitoring is needed because of potential adverse effects such as gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism, and ataxia.

22/08/2025

What is the use of Carbamazepine?

Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant and mood-stabilising drug that is widely used in clinical practice. According to standard medical books of pharmacology and therapeutics, the important uses are:

1. Epilepsy

Carbamazepine is mainly used in the treatment of partial seizures (simple and complex) and generalised tonic–clonic seizures.

It helps by reducing abnormal electrical activity in the brain.

It is not effective in absence seizures and myoclonic seizures.

2. Trigeminal Neuralgia

Carbamazepine is the drug of choice for trigeminal neuralgia, a painful condition affecting the trigeminal nerve of the face.

It provides significant pain relief by stabilising nerve membranes.

3. Bipolar Disorder

Carbamazepine is also used as a mood stabiliser in bipolar affective disorder.

It helps in controlling manic episodes and preventing recurrence.

4. Other Neuropathic Pain Conditions

Sometimes prescribed in neuropathic pain syndromes where standard painkillers do not work effectively.

Summary : Carbamazepine is used to manage epileptic seizures (except absence seizures), trigeminal neuralgia, bipolar disorder, and some neuropathic pain conditions.

21/08/2025

Why is Azithromycin commonly used?

Azithromycin is a macrolide class antibiotic that is widely prescribed for the treatment of various bacterial infections. According to standard medical pharmacology and clinical medicine textbooks, the uses of Azithromycin are:

1. Respiratory Tract Infections

It is commonly used in upper respiratory tract infections such as pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, and otitis media.

It is also effective in lower respiratory tract infections like acute bronchitis and community-acquired pneumonia.

2. Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

Azithromycin is useful in managing infections of the skin and soft tissues caused by susceptible bacteria.

3. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

It is prescribed for chlamydial infections and is also used in the treatment of gonorrhoea in combination with other drugs.

4. Gastrointestinal Infections

It is used in bacterial diarrhoea caused by Campylobacter jejuni.

5. Other Specific Uses

Azithromycin is used as part of treatment in Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections in immunocompromised patients (e.g., HIV patients).

It is sometimes preferred due to its long half-life, once-daily dosing, and better tolerance compared to some other antibiotics.

In summary, Azithromycin is commonly prescribed because it is effective against a wide range of bacterial infections, is well tolerated, has convenient dosing, and achieves good tissue pe*******on.

21/08/2025

Why is Azithromycin commonly used?