Institute for Behavioral and Management Sciences, IBMS, John’s Garden, Palamaner Road, Chittoor (2026)

30/01/2017

मानसशास्त्रातलं करिअर...

जीवघेणी स्पर्धा, विभक्त कुटुंबपद्धती, बदलत असलेली जीवनशैली यामुळे मानसिक/ भावनिक समस्याही तीव्र होत आहेत. म्हणूनच मानसशास्त्राची गरज वाढत आहे. मानसशास्त्रज्ञ ब-याच क्षेत्रात काम करतात. वैयक्तिक समुपदेशक म्हणून मानसशास्त्रज्ञांची आवश्यकता असते, पण त्याशिवायही अनेक क्षेत्रांत त्यांची मागणी आहे. मानसशास्त्र एक कला आहे व एक विज्ञानही, म्हणूनच काही विद्यापीठांमध्ये हा विषय कला शाखेद्वारे शिकवला जातो. मानसशास्त्र या विषयाची आणि भविष्यात उपलब्ध असलेल्या संधींविषयीची माहिती -
मानसशास्त्र हे एक विज्ञान आहे. समुपदेशन हा तसा मानसशास्त्र विषयातील एक विशेष अभ्यासक्रम. आधुनिकीकरणाच्या रेटयामुळे जगणंच हरवून बसलेल्यांच्या मनात आयुष्याबद्दल ओढ निर्माण करण्याचं सामाजिक कार्य समुपदेशक करू शकतात. विद्यार्थी, पालक, वृद्ध सर्वासाठीच समुपदेशन उपयोगी पडू शकतं. स्पर्धात्मक युगातील अनेक समस्या, मानसिक दडपण यावर समुपदेशनाद्वारे एखादी व्यक्ती खात्रीने मात करू शकते.
मानसशास्त्र या विषयात औषधोपचारापेक्षा समुपदेशनामध्ये अधिक भर असतो. मानसशास्त्रज्ञ बऱ्याच क्षेत्रात काम करतात. वैयक्तिक समुपदेशक म्हणून मानसशास्त्रज्ञांची आवश्यकता असते, पण त्याशिवायही अनेक क्षेत्रांत त्यांची मागणी आहे. उदा. क्रिकेट, हॉकी इत्यादी सांघिक खेळातील संघांचं मनोबल वाढवणारे ‘स्पोर्ट्स सायकोलॉजिस्ट’ किंवा गुन्हेगाराची मानसिकता समजून विश्लेषण करून पोलिसांना तपासकार्यात मदत करणारे ‘क्रिमिनोलॉजी सायकोलॉजिस्ट’ इत्यादी.
♣शैक्षणिक पात्रता-
मानसशास्त्रात करिअर करण्यासाठी या विषयात पदव्युत्तर शिक्षण आवश्यक ठरतं. पदव्युत्तर (एमए/एमएससी) शिक्षणासाठी किमान पात्रता म्हणजे मानसशास्त्रातील पदवी घ्यावी लागते. काही विद्यापीठांत पदव्युत्तर प्रवेशपरीक्षा घेतली जाते. यासंबंधी विद्यापीठाच्या मानसशास्त्र विभागाशी संपर्क करणं योग्य ठरेल. पदव्युत्तर शिक्षणानंतर आपल्या आवडीच्या विषयातील डॉक्टरेट मिळवणं किंवा एखाद्या अभ्यासक्रम करणं हे पर्याय असतात.
♣स्पेशलायझेशनचे पर्याय..
♦क्लिनिकल सायकोलॉजी-
मानसिक आजार, वर्तणुकीसंबंधी समस्या यासंबंधी उपचार करणारी शाखा. क्लिनिकल मानसशास्त्रज्ञ अनेकदा मानसरोग चिकित्सक किंवा इतर डॉक्टरांबरोबर काम करतात. डिप्रेशन, स्क्रिझोफेनिया, फोबिया अशा तीव्र मनोविकारांनी पीडित रुग्णांबरोबर ते काम करतात. मनोरुग्णालयात, व्यसनमुक्ती केंद्रात, मतिमंद मुलांच्या शाळेत इत्यादी ठिकाणी क्लिनिकल मानसशास्त्रज्ञ काम करतात.
♦कौन्सिलिंग-
एखाद्या समस्येने त्रस्त होऊन एखादी व्यक्ती सल्ला घेण्यासाठी सल्लागाराकडे येते तेव्हा सल्लागार तिच्या मुलाखती घेऊन तिच्याशी विश्वासपूर्ण असे संबंध प्रस्थापित करतो. व त्यायोगे त्या व्यक्तीला स्वत:च्या समस्या सोडवण्यास साहाय्य करतो. यालाच मानसशास्त्रीय मार्गदर्शन किंवा समुपदेशन असं म्हणतात. हे सल्लागार व्यवसाय मार्गदर्शनसुद्धा करतात. अ‍ॅप्टिटयूड टेस्ट (अभिक्षमता चाचणी) बुद्ध्यांक चाचणीआधारे पुढील अभ्यासक्रम निवडण्यास विद्यार्थ्यांला मदत करतात. हे व्यक्तिगत समुपदेशन, ग्रुप समुपदेशन, करिअर समुपदेशन, विवाह समुपदेशन, स्पोर्ट्स समुपदेशन इत्यादी क्षेत्रांत काम करतात. मानसशास्त्रज्ञ मुलांचे प्रश्न, पौगंडावस्थेतील समस्या, सांसारिक समस्या, व्यावसायिक समस्या आणि इतर समस्या सोडवण्यास मदत करतात.
♦सोशल सायकॉलॉजी-
समाजातील जात, धर्म, वर्ण, निवास, आर्थिक स्तर, लिंग, वय यावर आधारित विविध गटांच्या वर्तणुकीचा येणा-या तंत्रांचा अभ्यास व विकास करणारी शाखा. अभिक्षमता चाचणी, व्यक्तिमत्त्व चाचणी इत्यादी संबंधातील कामं ही शाखा करते. सामाजिक मानसशास्त्रज्ञ (सोशल सायकोलॉजिस्ट) माणसाच्या समाजातील वागणुकीचा सखोल अभ्यास करतात. बाजार संशोधन संस्था, जाहिरात संस्था, सरकारी संस्था अशा ठिकाणी हे काम करतात.
♦इंडस्ट्रिअल सायकॉलॉजी-
कामगारांची उत्पादनक्षमता, कामाचा दर्जा वाढावा यासाठी त्यांच्या मानसिकतेचा वेध घेऊन कार्यक्रम ठरवण्यासाठी या शाखेची मोलाची मदत होते. औद्योगिक मानसशास्त्रज्ञांना (इंडस्ट्रीअल सायकोलॉजिस्ट) सध्याच्या जगात फारच महत्त्व आहे. इतर लोकांबरोबर सुरळीत काम कसं करावं, कार्यसमाधान कसं उपलब्ध करावं अशा अनेक गोष्टी ते हाताळतात. शिवाय योग्य कामासाठी योग्य लोकांना ते हाताळतात. योग्य कामासाठी योग्य लोकांना नेमणं, नवनवीन प्रशिक्षण शिबिरं आयोजित करणं या जबाबदा-यासुद्धा औद्योगिक मानसशास्त्रज्ञांकडे असतात.
♦डेव्हलपमेंटल सायकॉलॉजी-
नवजात शिशूंपासून वृद्धावस्थेपर्यंत वयोमानानुसार व्यक्तीमध्ये होणा-या मानसिक बदलांचा अभ्यास करणारी शाखा.
♦कन्झ्युमर सायकॉलॉजी-
नवीन उत्पादन बाजारात आणताना त्यासंबंधी ग्राहकांच्या प्रतिक्रिया काय असतील, ते कितपत स्वीकारलं जाईल, यासंबंधी संशोधन करणारी शाखा.

*Shared by Nutan Patil

31/10/2016

Characteristics of Genuinely Low Self-Esteem
1. Social withdrawal
2. Anxiety and emotional turmoil
3. Lack of social skills and self confidence,
4. Depression and bouts of sadness
5. Less social conformity
6. Eating disorders
7. Inability to accept compliments
8. An inability to see yourself “squarely” - to be fair to ypurself
9. Accentuating the negative
10. Exaggerated concern over what you think other people think
11. Self neglect
12. Treating yourself badly, but not other people
13. Reluctance to take on challenges
14. Reluctance to put yourself first - or anywhere
15. Reluctance to trust your own opinion
16. Expecting little out of life for yourself

29/10/2016

Tips for Overcoming Low Self-Esteem:

1. Catch your internal negative critic: People are often hard on themselves. Every time some negative event occurs, and you begin to put yourself down, immediately recognise and stop that thought.
2. Replace your harsh inner critic with a kinder, and more balanced, inner voice: After identifying and discarding your harsh inner critic, make it a habit to regularly thinking good, and affirming, thoughts about yourself. That is, be your own best cheerleader. Say, for example, you do badly on a test and start to describe yourself as a loser, stop and refuse to accept that thought. Instead, deliberately replace it with a more balanced and positive thought.
3. Don’t compare yourself to others: Remind yourself that every person is unique. It doesn’t really matter how you compare to other people. The only thing that matters is whether or not you are good at being you.
4. Seek to love and respect yourself more. Also, remember that if you don’t respect yourself, then it’s going to be hard for other people to respect you. That means choosing to accept yourself for who and what you are - regardless of how you look and feel, or what you have done, or not done.
5. No one can make you feel bad about yourself without your permission: If somebody was going to empty a garbage can on top of your head, would you just stand there and let it happen? You have a choice over how to act. In the same way, we can’t stop others from being nasty and mean - but we can choose to reject their comments, and refuse to take them personally. Also, be careful and wise when it comes to accepting advice. Ask yourself if the advice seems reasonable and is actually helping you. If the answer is “yes” then accept the advice. If the answer is “no”, then discard the advice.
6. Hang out with genuine, positive people: That is, with people who encourage you to feel good about yourself.
7. Keep a journal. Write something positive about yourself in your journal every day. Then, when you find yourself suffering from low self-esteem, open up your journal and encourage yourself.

28/10/2016

How to Care Less about what Other People Think:

1. Know what matters to you, personally – what you stand for, and what your values are .
2. Don’t be anxious about breaking social norms. The more often you do this, and go against the flow, the less it will bother you to simply be yourself.
3. Decide not to live as a people pleaser, or to get upset and take rejection personally.
4. Hang out with people who are self confident, who know what they believe in, and what they want from life. You’ll find their self-confidence will rub off on you, too, and you’ll start to worry less about what other people think.
5. Working on becoming more competent in the skills and areas that matter to you. That will naturally enhance your self confidence, and develop a self image that is strong and positive.
6. Travel, or spend time with lots of different people. That will show you how diverse attitudes and outlooks are. That is, there’s no one way of being – so find, and be, yourself.

27/10/2016

The big five:
Meet the five core personality traits.

How many types of personality are there, and how can we define them?

Psychologists have long sought an answer to this and, after many generations of research, they have established five main personality traits, often called the big five. Our personalities are determined by what levels of each trait we have.

Let’s look at the first one: Extraversion. Extraversion is about positive emotions. If someone has a high level of Extraversion, their brain rewards them when they achieve something by putting them in a good mood.

*In one study of Extraversion, participants were shown movie clips that provoked either positive or negative emotions. Their moods were then measured. Those who’d been identified as extraverts had a much higher boost in their mood when they watched the positive clips than the other participants. They internalized the positivity, and were in a more positive mood afterwards.

As their mood is affected so much by what they see and think, extraverts tend to look on the bright side of things. So it’s no surprise that they’re usually adventurous and outgoing.

*The next important trait is Neuroticism. Neurotic people worry about things often, and most of the time it’s needless. Do you know anyone who panics when they read about epidemics or meteorites in the news? Or maybe people who want to move to a new house when there’s been one break-in in their neighborhood? People who do such things are probably quite neurotic.

Although Neuroticism may seem disadvantageous, it can actually be very useful for survival. People who expect the worst are more likely to prepare for danger.

In our distant past, neurotics would’ve been the people who hoarded extra food in case they needed it in the future. That might well have kept them alive during a food shortage, while the more optimistic people starved.

So, possessing the different traits, like Neuroticism and Extraversion, can be very valuable in different situations.

*The next of the big five traits is conscientiousness. Conscientiousness is the ability to set a goal for yourself and then work towards achieving it. It’s a great predictor of success in your career. What do successful managers, salespeople and lawyers have in common? They’re all very dedicated to their goals, i.e., they have a conscientious attitude.

Imagine you’re studying for an exam and your friends invite you to go out. Having the self-discipline to say no is being conscientious. You know it’s more important to work towards a bigger goal than to get immediate gratification.

*The next trait is Agreeableness. This is when you overlook your own needs to help others.

Agreeableness is a uniquely human trait – animals don’t display it. This was proved through a study of humans and chimps. Researchers sat two people opposite each other. One had two levers to pull: one that gave both people food, and another that gave only them food. Most participants pulled the lever that gave both people food, believing that to be the better choice. Chimps, however, pulled the levers randomly. They only cared about getting food themselves, not about whether their partners did.

Most likely, Agreeableness developed as a survival mechanism: our ancestors realized they could survive better if they supported each other in groups.

*The final trait, Openness, is the least explored. Having a high level of Openness makes people creative, imaginative or eccentric, but little is known about how this works.

Some psychologists think that Openness is similar to intellect. People with a high level of Openness usually go out and explore the world, hoping to learn more about it.

In any event, psychologists still have much to learn about the final trait.

26/10/2016

One question that will change your Attitude(When you cannot change anything else):

To a great extent, we create our fate every single day, and most of the ills we suffer from are directly traceable to our own (controllable) attitude. Life is packed full of uncontrollable events; in many situations the only thing we can control is the attitude we choose to respond with.

When you really take the time to think about it, everything happening around us is neutral and meaningless up until the point that we give it meaning. And the questions we ask ourselves drive the meaning we create and the attitude we have about everything.

Regardless of what you’re going though, it’s about choosing: Will I allow this to upset me? Will I choose to make this bad or good? Will I choose to stay or walk away? Will I choose to yell or whisper? Will I choose to react or take the time to respond?

When my clients/patients/course students come to us feeling down about a life situation they can’t control, I typically start by reinforcing the hard truth: sometimes changing your situation isn’t possible – or simply not possible soon enough. You can’t get to a new job in an instant. You can’t make someone else change against his or her will. And you certainly can’t erase the past. But…

You CAN always choose an attitude that moves you forward. And doing so will help you change things from the inside out, and ultimately allow you to grow beyond the struggles you can’t control.

Here's one powerful question that will support you with a positive attitude adjustment when you need it most:

==========+==========
Who would you be, and what else would you see, if you erased the thought that’s worrying you?
==========+==========

Honestly, worry is the biggest enemy of the present moment. It does nothing but steal your joy and keep you very busy doing absolutely nothing at all. When you spend time worrying, you’re simply using your imagination to create moments you don’t want.

Realize that, somewhere within us all, there does exist a supreme self who is eternally at peace. Because inner peace does not depend on external conditions, it’s what remains when you’ve surrendered your ego and worries. Peace can be found within you at any place and at any time. It’s always there, patiently waiting for you to turn your attention toward it.

Peace of mind arrives the moment you come to peace with what’s on your mind. It happens when you let go of the need to be anywhere but where you are, physically and emotionally. This acceptance of the way things are creates the foundation for inner harmony. The need for something to be different in this moment is nothing more than a worry, and worries simply lead you in circles.

It’s always the right time to embrace the present – just the detached awareness and acceptance of right here, right now. Only then do you have the power to focus on your challenges and opportunities more mindfully ... which changes everything in the long-run!

So again, think about it: Who would you be, and what else would you see, if you erased the thought that’s worrying you?

Identify a specific thought that’s been troubling your worried mind lately, and then visualize how your life would be different if you removed this thought:

How would it change your outlook on your present life situation?
Would you treat yourself and others differently?
How would you feel?
How would you behave?
What else would you be able to accomplish?

25/10/2016

Insights into Self-Loathing:

Self-loathing, also known as “autophobia” or self-hatred", is a thought pattern where individuals believe they are inferior, bad, worthless, unlovable, or incompetent. It is associated with low self-esteem and low self worth. Other symptoms of self-loathing include chemical dependency, alcohol & drug abuse, self-harm, self-destructive promiscuity, fits of rage and dissociation.
Self-loathing is one of the central characteristics of people who suffer from Avoidant Personality Disorder. It is also common in those diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder. Self-loathing is common among people who grew up in an unsupportive family environment where there was child abuse, neglect, emotional trauma or chronic criticism.
It can be something that appears from time to time, or it may be suddenly triggered by disappointments, struggles, painful memories or anxiety about the future. These triggers can create an overwhelming flood of feelings of hopelessness, worthlessness and powerlessness - which can lead to self-destructive behaviors, emotional withdrawal or aggressive behaviors.
Examples of statements indicating self-loathing include:
- “Nobody loves me”
- “Things will never get any better.”
- “I’m useless. I always screw everything up.”
- “He/she could never really love the real me.”

24/10/2016

If we become overwhelmed by our tasks, then we lose our ability to make choices for ourselves.:-

Do you tend to say ‘’I have to” rather than “I choose to”? If so, then you are following the non-essential path.

So many of us lose control of our ability to choose through learned helplessness, that is, becoming so used to the feeling of being overwhelmed that we approach our lives with passivity.

To explain this a bit more, here’s an example:

The term learned helplessness originates from experiments on dogs. In the experiments, the dogs were given electric shocks. Some of them were given a lever that would stop the shocks, others received a similar lever which had no effect and the last group received no shocks at all.

Later, the dogs from all groups were put together in a huge box divided in two: one half administered shocks and the other emitted none. All the dogs from the earlier experiment who had the chance to stop the shock or had experienced no shock at all ran to the shock-free side. The ones whose levers were powerless, however, stayed in the shock zone and did not adapt.

In other words, they had learned to be helpless.

If we surrender our power to choose, we essentially give others permission to choose for us. When people think that their efforts are futile, they tend to respond in two ways:

They either give up completely or become overly active, accepting every opportunity presented to them. At first, their activity might indicate that they have not developed learned helplessness. However, these people aren’t actually exercising their power to choose the opportunity which is best for them. They simply do everything.

The ones who offer the possible choices, on the other hand, are the ones who hold the real power.

23/10/2016

Motivate yourself without useless fantasies.

In recent years, everyone in the self-help industry seems to be getting on the visualization bandwagon. It’s touted as the way to achieve your goals: simply picture yourself getting into those jeans and voilà!

But several scientific studies tell us that visualization isn’t all it’s cracked up to be.

In one study from the University of California, students were asked to imagine, for a couple moments each day, that they’d received a high grade and how good this made them feel. Another group of students were not asked to do anything. After recording how many hours the students studied each day, the results showed that the visualization students studied less and had lower exam grades than the other group, even though the visualization exercise took only a few minutes to do.

Researchers postulated that those who fantasize about a great life don’t prepare for setbacks and so lack the mettle required to achieve their goals.

So what does work to effect positive change? Creating a plan.

The author of "59 Second" book once carried out a study tracking 5,000 participants with different goals, ranging from losing weight to quitting smoking. Those who reached their goals were the ones who had a plan.

The best way to plan is to break down your goals into subgoals, and create a step-by-step process. With these less-intimidating steps, you’ll feel less fear and hesitation. And that’s how you get into those jeans.

Another effective approach to accomplish your goals is to tell them to your friends and family. Psychologists have long known that people are more likely to follow through with their plans and promises when they’re public – so get them out there!

22/10/2016

Stressful jobs can be dangerous: excessive worrying is bad for your health.

Everyone worries. Few of us realize, though, how damaging it is to our health: worrying excessively can actually make you physically ill.

As Plato already knew, the mind and the body are intimately linked. In fact, the Mayo brothers, famous physicians, once declared that over half of our hospital beds are occupied by people suffering from frustration, anxiety, worry and despair.

Arthritis, for example, is one of many debilitating conditions which can be brought on by worry. In fact, the two leading causes of arthritis are worry-related: marital shipwrecks and financial woes. There are also medical cases that suggest that worrying can increase the likelihood of insanity and diabetes. Clearly, worrying is bad for your health!

Unfortunately for us, there are causes of worry everywhere, and they’re especially common in the work we do. High-pressure jobs tend to generate more worrying and, predictably, more illness than calmer, more tranquil jobs. The high stress levels we associate with high-pressure jobs can lead to heart disease. One study showed that more than a third of business executives suffer from heart-disease, stomach ulcers and high blood pressure. Another study found that twenty times as many doctors as farm workers die from heart failure.

This means that if you’re in a highly stressful job that causes you worry, you need to find a way to fight worrying or you may soon wind up with an ulcer, or worse.

21/10/2016

Our mindset is often strongly influenced by the role models we had as children.:

What factors determine whether a person has a growth or a fixed mindset? What factors determine whether a person realizes his potential or spends his life treading water?

Mindset development begins at birth. Babies come into the world with a growth mindset: they want to learn and grow as much as possible each day.

The adults in a child’s environment – usually his or her parents – play a huge role in determining whether the child maintains this desire to grow or eventually adopts a fixed mindset. Simply put, parents set a mindset example for their children. Parents with a growth mindset encourage their children and urge them to continue learning, whereas those with a fixed mindset are always judging their children, telling them what is right or wrong, good or bad.

Babies aged between one and three already behave accordingly: growth-mindset babies will try to help another baby who is crying; fixed-mindset babies, by contrast, are annoyed by it.

Teachers are also very important role models and influence children’s mindsets. There are many teachers who believe that a student’s performance is unchangeable – that good students will continue to do well and weaker students will always get Cs or Ds. Weaker students will develop a fixed mindset as a result.

But good teachers – those who firmly believe their students are capable of learning anything – handle the situation differently. They show their students different ways of solving math problems or understanding Shakespeare. Their weaker students embrace a growth mindset and start getting better grades: they are no longer doomed to thinking of themselves as “dumb” by nature.

Our mindset is not entirely predetermined. It can change as early as childhood when we adopt the mindsets of our role models.

20/10/2016

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