Sight2all

23/07/2025

CME day Team ICLINIX

01/07/2025

A 55-year-old female presented with localized redness and mild discomfort in the right eye for 4 weeks. Examination revealed a tender nodular lesion on the temporal episclera without visual disturbance. She has no history of systemic autoimmune disease or prior ocular episodes. Clinical impression is nodular episcleritis; topical steroids and lubricants were initiated, with systemic workup advised.

06/01/2025

Still can't get over this day..

24/12/2024

27/05/2023

Congenital zonular cataract is a type of cataract that occurs at birth or during infancy. It is characterized by opacity or clouding of the lens of the eye, specifically affecting the zonular fibers that hold the lens in place. The zonular fibers are responsible for maintaining the lens's transparency and proper positioning within the eye.

Causes:
Congenital zonular cataracts can have various causes, including genetic factors, metabolic disorders, and certain infections during pregnancy. In some cases, the exact cause may not be known.

Symptoms:
The symptoms of congenital zonular cataract can vary depending on the size and location of the opacity within the lens. Some common signs and symptoms may include:

1. Cloudy or blurred vision.
2. Poor visual responsiveness in infants, such as lack of eye contact or tracking objects.
3. Nystagmus (involuntary eye movements).
4. Strabismus (crossed or misaligned eyes).
5. Increased light sensitivity.
6. White or grayish discoloration in the pupil, which may be visible in certain lighting conditions.

Treatment:
Treatment for congenital zonular cataract usually involves surgical removal of the affected lens. The procedure, known as pediatric cataract surgery, is performed under general anesthesia. After removing the cloudy lens, an artificial lens, known as an intraocular lens (IOL), may be implanted to restore clear vision.

In some cases, if the cataract is small and does not significantly affect vision, the doctor may adopt a "watchful waiting" approach and monitor the vision to determine the need for surgery.

24/05/2023

Acanthamoeba ring ulcer, also known as Acanthamoeba keratitis, is a rare but serious infection of the cornea caused by the Acanthamoeba organism. The cornea is the clear, dome-shaped tissue that covers the front of the eye, and it plays a crucial role in vision.

Acanthamoeba is a microscopic, free-living amoeba commonly found in water sources such as tap water, swimming pools, hot tubs, and soil. The infection usually occurs when the amoeba enters the eye through a break in the cornea, such as a scratch or a contact lens-related injury.

Once the Acanthamoeba organism enters the cornea, it can cause a range of symptoms, including:

1. Severe eye pain
2. Redness and inflammation of the eye
3. Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
4. Blurred vision or vision loss
5. Excessive tearing or discharge from the eye
6. The feeling of a foreign body in the eye

If left untreated, Acanthamoeba keratitis can lead to corneal ulcers, which are painful sores on the cornea. The characteristic feature of Acanthamoeba keratitis is the formation of a ring-shaped ulcer around the cornea.

Diagnosis of Acanthamoeba keratitis can be challenging because its symptoms can resemble those of other eye infections. A thorough examination by an eye care professional is necessary to make an accurate diagnosis. The doctor may perform a corneal scraping to obtain a sample for laboratory testing to confirm the presence of Acanthamoeba.

Treatment for Acanthamoeba keratitis typically involves a combination of medications and supportive care. Prescription antiseptic eye drops or ointments are often used to eliminate the Acanthamoeba organism.

Prevention is crucial in avoiding Acanthamoeba keratitis. To reduce the risk of infection, it's important to practice good hygiene, especially when handling contact lenses. This includes properly cleaning and disinfecting lenses, avoiding tap water or non-sterile water sources for lens cleaning or storage, and replacing contact lens cases regularly.

23/05/2023

Choroidal melanoma, also known as uveal melanoma, is a type of cancer that develops in the choroid, which is the layer of blood vessels in the eye located between the retina and the sclera. The choroid contains melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells responsible for eye color.

Here are some key points about choroidal melanoma:

Causes:
The exact cause of choroidal melanoma is not fully understood. However, several factors may contribute to its development, including genetic mutations, exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and certain inherited conditions like dysplastic nevus syndrome or ocular melanocytosis.

Symptoms:
In the early stages, choroidal melanoma may not cause any noticeable symptoms. As the tumor grows, common signs and symptoms may include blurred vision, decreased visual acuity, distorted vision, floaters (spots or cobweb-like shapes in the vision), a visible dark spot on the iris, or in some cases, eye pain.

Diagnosis:
Diagnosing choroidal melanoma typically involves a comprehensive eye examination, which may include dilating the pupil to examine the back of the eye. Additional tests may be performed, such as ultrasound imaging, fluorescein angiography (to study blood vessels in the eye), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and, in some cases, a biopsy of the tumor.

Treatment:
Treatment options for choroidal melanoma depend on various factors, including the size and location of the tumor, as well as the individual's overall health. Treatment may involve radiation therapy (brachytherapy or proton beam therapy), surgical removal of the tumor (partial or complete), or a combination of therapies.

Prognosis:
The prognosis for choroidal melanoma depends on several factors, including the size and location of the tumor, the presence of metastasis (spread to other parts of the body), and individual factors such as age and overall health. If the tumor is small and has not spread beyond the eye, the prognosis is generally better. However, choroidal melanoma has the potential to metastasize, primarily to the liver.

22/05/2023

Congenital third nerve palsy, also known as congenital oculomotor nerve palsy, is a condition in which there is a dysfunction or weakness of the third cranial nerve present from birth. The third cranial nerve, also called the oculomotor nerve, controls the movement of several eye muscles responsible for eye movement, pupil constriction, and eyelid elevation.

Causes:
Congenital third nerve palsy can have various causes, including:

1. Congenital malformation: Abnormal development of the third cranial nerve during fetal development can result in congenital palsy.

2. Trauma during birth: In some cases, trauma during delivery, such as the use of forceps, can lead to nerve damage.

3. Infection: Certain infections, such as maternal rubella during pregnancy, can affect the development of the cranial nerves, including the third nerve.

4. Genetic factors: In rare cases, genetic factors may play a role in the development of congenital third nerve palsy.

Symptoms:
The main symptoms of congenital third nerve palsy include:

1. Limited eye movement: The affected eye may have difficulty moving in certain directions or may be unable to move at all.

2. Ptosis: Drooping of the eyelid on the affected side.

3. Strabismus: Misalignment of the eyes, which can result in double vision or amblyopia (lazy eye).

4. Pupil abnormalities: The pupil may be larger (dilated) or smaller (constricted) in the affected eye.

Treatment:
The treatment of congenital third nerve palsy depends on the severity of the condition and its impact on visual function. Options may include:

1. Observation: In mild cases where the eye movements are only slightly affected, observation and regular monitoring may be sufficient.

2. Glasses or contact lenses: Corrective lenses may be prescribed to improve vision and reduce eye strain.

3. Patching or occlusion therapy: If amblyopia (lazy eye) is present, patching the stronger eye or using occlusion therapy may help improve vision in the affected eye.

4. Surgery

20/05/2023

Nasolacrimal duct injury can occur as a result of trauma to the face or nose. The nasolacrimal duct is a small tube that carries tears from the eye to the nose. When this duct is injured, it can lead to problems with tear drainage and result in excessive tearing or epiphora.

1. Causes: Trauma to the face, such as from a direct blow or accident, can damage the nasolacrimal duct. Fractures of the bones around the nose or eye socket, facial lacerations, or severe contusions can result in injury to the duct.

2. Symptoms: Common symptoms of nasolacrimal duct injury include excessive tearing, watery eyes, recurrent eye infections, crusting or discharge from the eyes, and blurry vision. The affected individual may also experience pain, swelling, or bruising around the eyes or nose following the traumatic incident.

3. Diagnosis: A thorough evaluation by an ophthalmologist or an oculoplastic surgeon is necessary to diagnose nasolacrimal duct injury. The healthcare professional will assess the patient's medical history, perform a physical examination, and may order additional tests such as dye disappearance test, lacrimal syringing, or imaging studies like CT scan or MRI to evaluate the extent of the injury.

4. Treatment: The treatment of nasolacrimal duct injury depends on the severity and location of the injury. In some cases, conservative management may be sufficient, including warm compresses, lubricating eye drops, and nasal decongestants to relieve symptoms. However, if there is a significant disruption or blockage of the nasolacrimal duct, surgical intervention may be necessary. Procedures such as dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR), which creates a new drainage pathway for tears, or nasolacrimal duct intubation may be performed to restore proper tear drainage.

5. Prognosis: The prognosis for nasolacrimal duct injury varies depending on the extent of the injury and the timeliness of intervention. With appropriate treatment, many cases can be successfully managed, improving symptoms and restoring normal tear drainage.

19/05/2023

Frontalis sling surgery is a procedure used to treat ptosis, which is the medical term for drooping of the upper eyelid. Ptosis can occur due to various reasons, including weakness or paralysis of the muscle responsible for lifting the eyelid, known as the levator muscle.

During frontalis sling surgery, a small incision is made in the upper eyelid, and a synthetic material like silicone rod or the patient's own tissue (such as a tendon or fascia) is used to create a sling. This sling is then attached to the frontalis muscle, which is located in the forehead. By connecting the sling to the frontalis muscle, the eyelid is lifted and held in a higher position.

The frontalis muscle normally raises the eyebrows, and by connecting the eyelid to this muscle, it can help compensate for the weakened or paralyzed levator muscle, allowing the eyelid to open properly. This surgery is typically performed under local anesthesia and is an outpatient procedure, meaning the patient can usually go home on the same day.

It's important to note that frontalis sling surgery is typically recommended for individuals who have severe ptosis or have already undergone other unsuccessful treatments, such as eyelid crutches or levator resection. The specific technique and materials used may vary depending on the surgeon's preference and the patient's individual circumstances.

As with any surgical procedure, frontalis sling surgery carries some risks, which may include infection, bleeding, scarring, asymmetry between the two eyelids, eyelid contour abnormalities, eyelid lag, and overcorrection or undercorrection of the eyelid position. It's important to consult with an experienced ophthalmologist or oculoplastic surgeon to determine if frontalis sling surgery is appropriate for your specific case and to discuss the potential risks and benefits.