24/09/2020
A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection method, consisting of a water supply system, providing adequate pressure and flowrate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire sprinklers are connected. Although historically only used in factories and large commercial buildings, systems for homes and small buildings are now available at a cost-effective price.[1] Fire sprinkler systems are extensively used worldwide, with over 40 million sprinkler heads fitted each year. In buildings completely protected by fire sprinkler systems, over 96% of fires were controlled by fire sprinklers alone.
Sprinklers have been in use in the United States since 1874, and were used in factory applications where fires at the turn of the century were often catastrophic in terms of both human and property losses. In the US, sprinklers are today required in all new high rise and underground buildings generally 75 feet (23 m) above or below fire department access, where the ability of firefighters to provide adequate hose streams to fires is limited.[citation needed]
Sprinklers may be required to be installed by building codes, or may be recommended by insurance companies to reduce potential property losses or business interruption. Building codes in the United States for places of assembly, generally over 100 persons, and places with overnight sleeping accommodation such as hotels, nursing homes, dormitories, and hospitals usually require sprinklers either under local building codes, as a condition of receiving State and Federal funding or as a requirement to obtain certification (essential for institutions who wish to train medical staff).
OPERATION OF SPRINKLERS:-

A sign warns hotel guests not to hang items from fire sprinklers
Each closed-head sprinkler is held closed by either a heat-sensitive glass bulb or a two-part metal link held together with fusible alloy. The glass bulb or link applies pressure to a pipe cap which acts as a plug which prevents water from flowing until the ambient temperature around the sprinkler reaches the design activation temperature of the individual sprinkler head. In a standard wet-pipe sprinkler system, each sprinkler activates independently when the predetermined heat level is reached. Thus, only sprinklers near the fire will operate, normally just one or two. This maximizes water pressure over the point of fire origin, and minimizes water damage to the building.[citation needed]
A sprinkler activation will do less water damage than a fire department hose stream, which provide approximately 900 litres/min (250 US gallons/min). A typical sprinkler used for industrial manufacturing occupancies discharge about 75–150 litres/min (20–40 US gallons/min). However, a typical Early Suppression Fast Response (ESFR) sprinkler at a pressure of 50 psi (340 kPa) will discharge approximately 380 litres per minute (100 US gal/min). In addition, a sprinkler will usually activate within one to four minutes of the fire's start, whereas it typically takes at least five minutes for a fire department to register an alarm and drive to the fire site, and an additional ten minutes to set up equipment and apply hose streams to the fire. This additional time can result in a much larger fire, requiring much more water to extinguish.
Fire sprinkler heads have been around for decades and have constantly proved their effectiveness at protecting life and property. In fact, statistics show that sprinklers are 95% effective at controlling fires because they attack the seat of the fire directly. There are four main types of sprinkler heads:
1. Pendent Sprinkler Heads
• Hangs down from the ceiling
• Sprays water downward in circular pattern to maximize coverage
• Ideal for offices, hotels, and factories etc.
2. Concealed Pendant Heads
• Are located within the ceiling and are hidden by a cover plate
• Works similar to a pendent sprinkler head after the cover plate falls off once it reaches 20˚F lower than fire sprinkler temperature
• Ideal for places where aesthetic is a concern
3. Upright Sprinkler Heads
• Stands upright
• Sprays water upward in a hemispherical pattern
• Useful in buildings with exposed ceilings like mechanical rooms or hard to reach places like beams and ducts
4. Side Wall Sprinkler Heads
• Mounted on the side of wall, only have half of a deflector
• Sprays water in half circle/crescent shape
• Great for small rooms, hallways, and places sprinkler pipes run up walls
In addition to coming in different types, other options such as temperature, finish, and response time are also available.
Fire sprinkler heads have been around for decades and have constantly proved their effectiveness at protecting life and property. In fact, statistics show that sprinklers are 95% effective at controlling fires because they attack the seat of the fire directly. There are four main types of sprinkler heads:
1. Pendent Sprinkler Heads
• Hangs down from the ceiling
• Sprays water downward in circular pattern to maximize coverage
• Ideal for offices, hotels, and factories etc.
2. Concealed Pendant Heads
• Are located within the ceiling and are hidden by a cover plate
• Works similar to a pendent sprinkler head after the cover plate falls off once it reaches 20˚F lower than fire sprinkler temperature
• Ideal for places where aesthetic is a concern
3. Upright Sprinkler Heads
• Stands upright
• Sprays water upward in a hemispherical pattern
• Useful in buildings with exposed ceilings like mechanical rooms or hard to reach places like beams and ducts
4. Side Wall Sprinkler Heads
• Mounted on the side of wall, only have half of a deflector
• Sprays water in half circle/crescent shape
• Great for small rooms, hallways, and places sprinkler pipes run up walls
In addition to coming in different types, other options such as temperature, finish, and response time are also available.
Fire Sprinkler Head Temperatures
Fire sprinklers are triggered once they reach a certain temperature, which is detected with the help of a glass bulb. The bulb is filled with a glycerin-based liquid that expands and breaks the bulb once a specified temperature is reached.
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