18/09/2025
The Tradition of Shakti Upasana (Durga-Madhava Puja or Shakta Gundicha Yatra) in Odisha
Among the many renowned holy seats of India, Srikshetra is one of the foremost. The tradition of Shakti worship has continued for ages in our country and has always inspired the people of Odisha. In times of calamity, people have invoked the blessings of the Divine Mother. Srikshetra is well known as a Ta**ra Pitha.
Among Odisha’s Ashta Chandi shrines, Sri Bimala at Srikshetra is prominent. The shrine of Ma Bimala inside the Jagannath temple is a seat of Shakti or Kaulabhairavi worship. During the Somavamsi dynasty, Shakti worship attained great prominence across Odisha, and the land came to be identified as Oddiyana, a principal Ta***ic seat. Historians say that the present Bimala temple belongs to that period.
While throughout India Shiva-Durga are worshipped, at Purushottama Kshetra the tradition centers around Bimala and Sri Jagannath. As the presiding goddess of Sankha Kshetra, Ma Bimala is regarded as Bhairavi, while Sri Jagannath is the corresponding Bhairava. According to the Sruti of Brahma Yamala:
"रामेश्वरी सेतुबन्धे विमला पुरुषोत्तमे। विरजा ओड्रदेशे च कामाख्या नीलपर्वते॥"
At Setubandha resides Devi Rameshwari, at Purushottama Kshetra Bimala, in Odra-desa Viraja, and on the Blue Mountain Kamakhya.
At Purushottama Dham, Devi is worshipped in the form of Annapurna at Bimala Pitha, and as Yogamaya during the worship of Devi Subhadra upon the Ratna Simhasana. As per the maxim:
"विमला यत्र भैरवी जगन्नाथ तत्र भैरवः"
Jagannath is Ajaikapada Bhairava, Balabhadra is Ahirbudhnya Shesha-Bhairava, Subhadra is Bhuvaneshwari, Mahalakshmi is Kamalatmika, Sudarshana is Ekalinga, and Bimala herself is Kouleshvari or Mahabhairavi.
"विमला सा महादेवी, जगन्नाथस्तु भैरवः"
According to Ta**ra Chudamani, in Utkal fell the foot of Sati. Thus Ma Bimala is worshipped as Pada Pitheshwari. Some texts describe it as Sri Pitha, Uddishta Pitha, or Nabhi Pitha. The Mahanirvana Ta**ra also affirms that the Jagannath shrine is constructed according to the Bhairavi Chakra.
"विमला सा महादेवी विष्णुशक्तिः सनातनी"
Without the Bimala form of Vishnu-Shakti, Lord Jagannath remains powerless. The Bimala shrine is architecturally distinct within the Srimandir complex (east facing, sandstone/laterite construction) and its peaceful iconography (rosary and nectar-pot, non-aggressive appearance) points to a benevolent, nurturing function of the Goddess.
According to Puranic narration, when Mahadeva wandered carrying the body of Sati after Daksha Yajna, her foot fell here. Hence it came to be called Pada Pitha. Thus Ma Bimala is the very form of Adi Shakti. In the Srimad Bhagavata commentary of Jagannath Das (12th Skandha), it is described:
"नारायण कला रूपिणि, ज्ञान क्रिया ए इच्छा तीनि
विमलादि नव शक्तिनी, ए मध्ये राम विलासिनि"
Here Bimala is seen as the Maya Shakti of Jagannath, Kriya Shakti of Balabhadra, and Iccha Shakti of Subhadra. Therefore, Bimala is called Rama Vilasini, the beloved of Balabhadra, and the embodiment of Jnana.
"बलभद्र प्रिया देवी चिज्ज्ञान विमलात्मिका।
शुद्धज्ञान स्वरूपायै सर्वसंपत्प्रदायिनी॥
ये दुर्गामाधवं नित्यं स्मरन्ति श्रद्धयान्विते।
सर्वविघ्नभयेषां विनश्यन्ति पदे पदे॥
माधवो माधवाविशौ सर्वसिद्धि विधायिनौ।
वन्दे परस्परात्मानौ परस्परणतिप्रियौ॥"
The term Ma means Lakshmi, while dhava means one who upholds. Thus Madhava is one who upholds Lakshmi herself. Similarly, Umadhava refers to Lord Shiva who upholds Uma (Parvati). There is no essential difference between Mahadeva as Umadhava and Lord Vishnu as Madhava; they are one spirit.
"तां च ब्रह्म स्वरूपां साञ्च मूल प्रकृतीश्वरि।
नारायणी इति विख्याता विष्णुमाया सनातनी॥
महालक्ष्मी स्वरूपा च वेदमाता सरस्वती।
राधा वसुन्धरा गङ्गा तासां स्वामी च माधवः॥" (Brahma Vaivarta Purana)
This reveals that the primordial Mahalakshmi is none other than Jayadurga. Hence Madhava appears united eternally with Uma-Mahadeva as Jayadurga. Everywhere in Shakti Pithas, Devi’s Bhairava is Rudra, but at Pada Pitha, because it is the root-base of the body, the Bhairava is Umadhava-Madhava himself.
Throughout the translation, Devi Bimala is described as the supreme Tantrik goddess of Srikshetra, associated inseparably with Lord Jagannath. The traditions of Durga-Madhava Upasana, also called Shakta Gundicha, highlight the unity of Shakta and Vaishnava paths. Especially during Sharadiya Durga Puja, the combined worship of Durga and Madhava symbolizes this harmony.
"लोकनाथः शिवो यत्र, तीर्थराजोऽपि समुद्रः।
विमला भैरवी यत्र, जगन्नाथस्तु भैरवः॥
उत्कले नाभिदेशे च विरजा क्षेत्रमुत्तमम्।
विमला सा महादेवी, जगन्नाथः स्तु भैरवः॥" (Mahanirvana Ta**ra)
Thus, Ma Bimala as Adya Narayani is always worshipped alongside Jagannath, and uniquely at Srikshetra, both Durga (Bimala) and Madhava (Jagannath) are worshipped together. This forms the essence of Durga-Madhava Upasana.
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