Medical Lab Technologist

17/01/2026

The copper sulphate used to determine the donor acceptability has a specific gravity of 1.054 which is equal to the weight of a red cells with Hb of 12.5 gm/dL.

15/01/2026

06/11/2025

🔬 Purpose of the TSI Test

TSI agar contains:

Three sugars:glucose (0.1%), lactose (1%), and sucrose (1%)
*Peptone:a protein source
*Phenol red: a pH indicator (turns yellow in acid, red in alkaline)
*Ferrous sulfate:detects H₂S production (black precipitate)

The slant provides aerobic conditions,while the butt provides anaerobic conditions.

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🧪 Interpreting Results

1. K/K or K/NC (Red slant / Red butt or No change)

*No fermentation of glucose, lactose, or sucrose.
*Bacteria use peptone instead, producing alkaline products.
*Typical organisms: Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Eikenella, Moraxella.

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2. K/A (Red slant / Yellow butt)

* ferments glucose only.
Glucose runs out quickly; slant reverts to red (alkaline) while the butt stays yellow (acidic).
*Example organisms: Shigella, Morganella, Providencia.

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3. A/A (Yellow slant / Yellow butt)

* Ferments glucose and lactose and/or sucrose.
* Both slant and butt remain acidic (yellow).
* Example organisms: E. coli, Klebsiella, *Enterobacter, Yersinia, Serratia.

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4. A/A + H₂S (Yellow slant / Yellow butt with black precipitate)

* Same as above but produces H₂S.
* Example organism: Proteus.

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5. K/A + H₂S (Red slant / Yellow butt with black precipitate)

*Glucose fermentation only plus H₂S production.
* Example organisms: Salmonella

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⚫ H₂S Production

* Appears as a black precipitate (ferrous sulfide) in the butt.
* Indicates the organism produces hydrogen sulfide.

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🧭 Color Key

Yellow (A)→ Acidic (fermentation)
Red (K)→ Alkaline (no fermentation, peptone use)
Black→ H₂S

30/10/2025

Central Dogma- DNA → RNA → Protein

Retrovirus- Rules are meant to be broken. 🧬💥

29/10/2025

🍁 Key Points When Urine Crystals are found
Urine crystals🍁

🍁should always be interpreted alongside urine pH, as each type of crystal forms under specific pH conditions.

🍁Understanding this relationship is crucial for accurate identification
and may reveal underlying metabolic or pathological disorders.

👉Guidelines for Crystal Analysis
🔸Correlate crystal shape with urine pH
🔸Review the patient’s clinical history, including diet, medications, and comorbidities
🔸Interpret in conjunction with other lab data, such as dipstick results and microscopic findings.

13/10/2025

Staphylococcus aureus:- Poem

Staph. aureus is my nickname
In the Hall of Pathogens of Fame
Look for bubbles with catalase
And for clots with coagulase

Gram-positive clusters everywhere
Like skin, gut, nose, and hair
Protein A is my main trait
And enterotoxin is what you ate

Penicillins won't touch me
Methicillin - well.maybe
Vancomycin killed in days of yore
But now this drug is not for sure

Wash your hands, don't pick your nose
Wear a lab coat over your clothes

21/09/2025

Here’s an explanation of the five types of white blood cells (WBCs) shown in diagram, with focus on their nucleus and granules:

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1. Lymphocyte (Agranulocyte)

Nucleus: Large, round, and takes up most of the cell.

Cytoplasm: Thin rim around the nucleus, clear (no granules).

Function: Adaptive immunity (B-cells → antibodies, T-cells → cell-mediated immunity).

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2. Monocyte (Agranulocyte)

Nucleus: Large, kidney-shaped or horseshoe-shaped.

Cytoplasm: Abundant, bluish-gray, no granules.

Function: Phagocytosis; differentiates into macrophages and dendritic cells.

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3. Neutrophil (Granulocyte)

Nucleus: Multi-lobed (usually 3–5 lobes).

Granules: Small, pale lilac granules in the cytoplasm.

Function: First line of defense against bacteria; strong phagocytes.

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4. Eosinophil (Granulocyte)

Nucleus: Bi-lobed (two lobes).

Granules: Large, red-orange granules.

Function: Defense against parasites, involved in allergic reactions.

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5. Basophil (Granulocyte)

Nucleus: Bi-lobed or S-shaped (often obscured by granules).

Granules: Large, dark blue-purple granules.

Function: Release histamine and heparin in allergic and inflammatory responses.

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👉 Summary:

Granulocytes (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils) → contain visible granules.

Agranulocytes (Lymphocytes, Monocytes) → lack visible granules.

20/09/2025

This diagram shows binary fission in bacteria, which is their primary method of reproduction. The steps illustrated are:

1. Initiation (Top-left) – A bacterial cell with its DNA (yellow) in a compact form.

2. DNA Replication (Top-right) – The circular DNA duplicates inside the cell.

3. Cell Elongation & Septum Formation (Bottom-left) – The cell elongates, and the two DNA molecules move to opposite poles. A septum (division wall) begins forming in the middle.

4. Separation (Bottom-right) – The septum fully divides, producing two genetically identical daughter cells.

👉 Key point: Binary fission is asexual reproduction, meaning the daughter cells are clones of the parent.

15/09/2025

(A) Paramphistomum cervi
(B) Moniezia spp
(C)Trichuris ovis
(D) Strongyle spp
(E) Strongyloides papillosus
(F) Nematodirus spp