Registered Pharmacist Channel

01/03/2026

Common Lung Diseases 🫁🧐🩺👇👇👇👇👇

Lung diseases are disorders that affect the lungs and interfere with normal breathing and oxygen exchange.

They are commonly grouped into obstructive, restrictive, infectious, and vascular diseases.

1️⃣ Obstructive Lung Diseases

(Problem: Difficulty exhaling air)

Airways become narrowed or blocked.
• Asthma
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
• Chronic Bronchitis
• Emphysema

🔹 Common Symptoms:
• Wheezing
• Shortness of breath
• Chronic cough
• Chest tightness

2️⃣ Restrictive Lung Diseases

(Problem: Difficulty expanding lungs)

Lungs cannot fully expand, reducing lung volume.
• Pulmonary Fibrosis
• Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
• Pneumoconiosis
• Tuberculosis (advanced cases)

🔹 Common Symptoms:
• Rapid breathing
• Dry cough
• Fatigue
• Reduced oxygen levels

3️⃣ Infectious Lung Diseases

Caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
• Pneumonia
• Tuberculosis
• COVID-19
• Influenza

🔹 Common Symptoms:
• Fever
• Cough with sputum
• Chest pain
• Difficulty breathing

4️⃣ Vascular Lung Diseases

(Problem: Blood vessels of the lungs)
• Pulmonary Embolism
• Pulmonary Hypertension

🔹 Symptoms:
• Sudden shortness of breath
• Chest pain
• Dizziness
• Cyanosis

01/03/2026

Unfortunately Respiratory Emergencies🫁🧐🩺👇

Respiratory emergencies are life-threatening conditions that impair oxygenation and/or ventilation. Immediate recognition and management are critical.

01/03/2026

Understanding Vital Signs🫀🫁🧐🩺👇👇👇

Vital signs are basic clinical measurements that indicate the body’s essential functions. They help assess a patient’s overall health status and detect early signs of deterioration.

1️⃣ Body Temperature

✅ Normal Range
• Adults: 36.5–37.5°C
• Average: 37°C

📍 Sites
• Oral
• Axillary
• Re**al
• Tympanic

⚠️ Abnormalities
• Fever (Pyrexia): > 38°C
• Hypothermia: < 35°C

2️⃣ Pulse (Heart Rate)

✅ Normal Range (Adults)
• 60–100 beats per minute (bpm)

📍 Common Sites
• Radial
• Carotid
• Apical
• Femoral

⚠️ Abnormalities
• Tachycardia: > 100 bpm
• Bradycardia: < 60 bpm

3️⃣ Respiratory Rate

✅ Normal Range (Adults)
• 12–20 breaths per minute

⚠️ Abnormalities
• Tachypnea: > 20 breaths/min
• Bradypnea: < 12 breaths/min
• Apnea: No breathing

4️⃣ Blood Pressure (BP)

✅ Normal Adult BP
• < 120/80 mmHg

Categories
• Normal:

01/03/2026

Fluid Toxicity (Water Intoxication)💦🩺🧐👇👇👇

Fluid toxicity occurs when there is excess water in the body, leading to dilution of electrolytes—especially sodium—causing hyponatremia (low sodium level).

📌Causes
• Excessive IV fluid administration (especially hypotonic fluids)
• Congestive heart failure
• Renal failure
• Liver cirrhosis
• Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)
• Excessive water intake
• Oxytocin infusion during labor

📌Signs and Symptoms

🧠 Neurological (due to hyponatremia)
• Headache
• Confusion
• Restlessness
• Lethargy
• Seizures
• Coma

🫀Cardiovascular
• Hypertension
• Bounding pulse
• Distended neck veins

🫁 Respiratory
• Dyspnea
• Crackles on auscultation
• Pulmonary edema

💧 General
• Sudden weight gain
• Edema
• Decreased hematocrit
• Low serum sodium (

01/03/2026

👶 DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES (0–6 MONTHS)

0–1 MONTH:
Lifts head slightly, responds to sounds, recognizes caregiver’s voice.

2 MONTHS:
Smiles socially, follows objects with eyes, makes cooing sounds.

3 MONTHS:
Better head control, enjoys interaction, begins hand movements.

4 MONTHS:
Holds head steady, laughs, reaches for toys.

5 MONTHS:
Rolls tummy to back, grabs objects, explores with hands.

6 MONTHS:
Sits with support, responds to name, babbles sounds.

✨ Every baby develops at their own pace.

01/03/2026

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

CPR is an emergency lifesaving procedure performed when the heart stops beating (cardiac arrest). It maintains blood flow to the brain and vital organs until advanced care is available.

🚨When is CPR Needed?
• Unresponsive patient
• No breathing or abnormal breathing (gasping)
• No pulse

Common causes:
• Myocardial infarction
• Drowning
• Electrocution
• Drug overdose
• Severe trauma

🚨Basic Steps of CPR (Adult) – C-A-B

1️⃣ C – Compressions (Most Important)
• Place heel of hand on center of chest
• Rate: 100–120 compressions/min
• Depth: 5–6 cm (2–2.4 inches)
• Allow full chest recoil
• Minimize interruptions

2️⃣ A – Airway
• Head tilt–chin lift
• If trauma suspected → Jaw thrust

3️⃣ B – Breathing
• Give 2 rescue breaths
• Each breath over 1 second
• Watch chest rise

Compression to ventilation ratio:
👉 30:2 (single rescuer adult)

⚡ Use of AED (Automated External Defibrillator)
• Turn it on
• Attach pads
• Follow voice prompts
• Deliver shock if advised
• Resume CPR immediately

Used in cases like Ventricular fibrillation and Pulseless ventricular tachycardia.

01/03/2026

27/02/2026

Understanding Pain🧐🩺👇👇👇👇👇👶👶

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage.

📌Types of Pain

1. Acute Pain
• Sudden onset
• Short duration (seconds to weeks)
• Usually related to injury, surgery, or illness
• Example: fracture, burn, post-operative pain

2. Chronic Pain
• Lasts >3 months
• May persist after healing
• Example: arthritis, cancer pain

3. Nociceptive Pain
• Due to tissue injury
• Somatic (skin, muscle, bone) – sharp, localized
• Visceral (organs) – dull, cramping

4. Neuropathic Pain
• Due to nerve damage
• Burning, tingling, shooting pain
• Example: diabetic neuropathy

📌Causes of Pain
• Trauma
• Infection
• Inflammation
• Surgery
• Cancer
• Nerve damage

📌Signs & Symptoms
• Verbal report of pain
• Facial grimacing
• Guarding body part
• Restlessness
• Increased pulse, BP, respiratory rate

📌Pain Assessment (PQRST Method)
• P – Provokes: What causes it?
• Q – Quality: Sharp, dull, burning?
• R – Region/Radiation: Where? Does it spread?
• S – Severity: Pain scale (0–10)
• T – Time: When did it start? Duration?

📌Pain Scale
• 0 = No pain
• 1–3 = Mild
• 4–6 = Moderate
• 7–10 = Severe

📌Management

1. Non-Pharmacological
• Positioning
• Ice/heat therapy
• Relaxation techniques
• Massage
• Distraction

2. Pharmacological
• Non-opioids (e.g., paracetamol, NSAIDs)
• Opioids (e.g., morphine)
• Adjuvants (antidepressants, anticonvulsants for neuropathic pain)

27/02/2026

Fetal Malpresentation

Fetal malpresentation refers to any fetal presentation other than vertex (cephalic) presentation, where the head is flexed and the occiput presents first.

1️⃣ Types of Fetal Malpresentation

A. Breech Presentation

The buttocks or feet present first instead of the head.

Types:
• Frank breech – Hips flexed, knees extended
• Complete breech – Hips and knees flexed
• Footling breech – One or both feet present first

Causes:
• Prematurity
• Polyhydramnios / Oligohydramnios
• Uterine abnormalities
• Placenta previa
• Multiple pregnancy

Management:
• External cephalic version (ECV) at 36–37 weeks
• Planned cesarean section (common practice)
• Selected vaginal breech delivery (experienced provider)

B. Face Presentation

Head is hyperextended, and the face presents first.
• If mentum (chin) anterior → vaginal delivery possible
• If mentum posterior → usually requires cesarean section

C. Brow Presentation

Partial extension of the head (between vertex and face).
• Usually cannot deliver vaginally
• Often converts to face or vertex
• Cesarean section if persistent

D. Shoulder Presentation (Transverse Lie)

The fetus lies sideways, and the shoulder presents first.
• Common in multiparous women
• Associated with placenta previa or uterine anomalies
• Vaginal delivery impossible
• Requires cesarean section

2️⃣ Risk Factors
• Prematurity
• Multiple pregnancy
• Uterine fibroids
• Placenta previa
• Fetal anomalies
• Pelvic abnormalities

3️⃣ Diagnosis
• Abdominal palpation (Leopold’s maneuvers)
• Vaginal examination
• Ultrasound (confirmatory)

4️⃣ Complications
• Obstructed labor
• Cord prolapse
• Fetal distress
• Birth trauma
• Increased perinatal mortality

27/02/2026

Types of Dialysis

Dialysis is a treatment that removes waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys cannot function properly (e.g., in acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease).