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13/05/2026

English List (With Bengali & English Meanings)

Aah — Used to express relief, surprise, or realization. বাংলা অর্থ: আহ!, আরাম বা উপলব্ধির অনুভূতি

Achoo — Sound made when sneezing. বাংলা অর্থ: হাঁচির শব্দ

Aha — Used to express discovery, joy, or understanding. বাংলা অর্থ: আহা!, বুঝতে পারা বা আনন্দ প্রকাশ

Ahh — Used to express relaxation or satisfaction. বাংলা অর্থ: আহ্!, স্বস্তির অনুভূতি

Alas — Used to express sorrow or regret. বাংলা অর্থ: হায়!, দুঃখ বা আফসোস প্রকাশ

Amen — Used to express agreement or prayer ending. বাংলা অর্থ: আমিন, সমর্থন বা প্রার্থনার সমাপ্তি

Aw — Used to express sympathy or affection. বাংলা অর্থ: আহা!, মায়া বা সহানুভূতি প্রকাশ

Awesome — Used to express admiration. বাংলা অর্থ: দারুণ!, প্রশংসা প্রকাশ

Bah — Used to express contempt or dislike. বাংলা অর্থ: ছি!, বিরক্তি প্রকাশ

Bam — Used to indicate sudden impact. বাংলা অর্থ: ধাম!, হঠাৎ আঘাতের শব্দ

Bang — Loud explosive sound. বাংলা অর্থ: ধামাকা!, বিস্ফোরণের শব্দ

Bingo — Used after success or correct answer. বাংলা অর্থ: পেয়ে গেছি!, সফলতার প্রকাশ

Blast — Used to express anger. বাংলা অর্থ: ধুর!, রাগ প্রকাশ

Boo — Used to show dislike. বাংলা অর্থ: ধিক!, অপছন্দ প্রকাশ

Bravo — Used to praise performance. বাংলা অর্থ: বাহ!, প্রশংসা প্রকাশ

Brr — Used when feeling cold. বাংলা অর্থ: উফ্ ঠান্ডা!, শীত অনুভব

Bye — Used while leaving. বাংলা অর্থ: বিদায়

Cheers — Used for thanks or celebration. বাংলা অর্থ: ধন্যবাদ / শুভেচ্ছা

Congratulations — Used to praise achievement. বাংলা অর্থ: অভিনন্দন

Crikey — Used to express surprise. বাংলা অর্থ: আরে বাবা!, বিস্ময় প্রকাশ

Damn — Used to express anger or frustration. বাংলা অর্থ: ধুর!, বিরক্তি বা রাগ

Dear me — Used to express surprise. বাংলা অর্থ: ওহ!, বিস্ময় প্রকাশ

Eh — Used to ask for repetition or agreement. বাংলা অর্থ: কী বললে?

Encore — Used to ask for repetition of performance. বাংলা অর্থ: আবার!, পুনরায় করার অনুরোধ

Eureka — Used after discovery. বাংলা অর্থ: পেয়ে গেছি!, আবিষ্কারের আনন্দ

Fiddlesticks — Mild expression of annoyance. বাংলা অর্থ: ধুর!, হালকা বিরক্তি

Gee — Used to express surprise. বাংলা অর্থ: আরে!, বিস্ময় প্রকাশ

Gosh — Mild surprise expression. বাংলা অর্থ: ওহ!, বিস্ময়

Great — Used to express approval. বাংলা অর্থ: দারুণ!

Ha — Used to express laughter or triumph. বাংলা অর্থ: হা!, হাসি বা বিজয়

Haha — Sound of laughter. বাংলা অর্থ: হাহা!, হাসির শব্দ

Hallelujah — Expression of praise or joy. বাংলা অর্থ: আলহামদুলিল্লাহ / প্রশংসা

Hello — Greeting expression. বাংলা অর্থ: হ্যালো / নমস্কার

Help — Cry for assistance. বাংলা অর্থ: বাঁচাও!

Hey — Used to attract attention. বাংলা অর্থ: এই!, মনোযোগ আকর্ষণ

Hmm — Used while thinking. বাংলা অর্থ: হুম!, চিন্তার প্রকাশ

Hooray — Used to express joy. বাংলা অর্থ: হুররে!, আনন্দ প্রকাশ

Hurrah — Expression of victory or joy. বাংলা অর্থ: হুররে!

Hush — Used to ask for silence. বাংলা অর্থ: চুপ!

Indeed — Used to emphasize truth. বাংলা অর্থ: সত্যিই

Jesus — Used to express shock. বাংলা অর্থ: হায় ঈশ্বর!

Jolly good — Used to express approval. বাংলা অর্থ: খুব ভালো!

Kaboom — Sound of explosion. বাংলা অর্থ: বুম!, বিস্ফোরণের শব্দ

Lo — Used to draw attention. বাংলা অর্থ: দেখো!

My goodness — Used to express surprise. বাংলা অর্থ: হায় ঈশ্বর!

Nah — Informal no. বাংলা অর্থ: না

Nope — Casual no. বাংলা অর্থ: না

Oho — Used to express surprise or teasing. বাংলা অর্থ: ওহো!

Oh — Common expression of surprise or emotion. বাংলা অর্থ: ওহ!

Oh dear — Expression of worry. বাংলা অর্থ: হায়রে!

Oh no — Expression of disappointment. বাংলা অর্থ: ওহ না!

Oops — Used after small mistake. বাংলা অর্থ: উফ!, ভুল হয়ে গেছে

Ouch — Expression of pain. বাংলা অর্থ: উফ!, ব্যথা লাগা

Ow — Expression of pain. বাংলা অর্থ: আউ!, ব্যথা

Phew — Used after relief. বাংলা অর্থ: উফ!, স্বস্তি

Please — Polite request expression. বাংলা অর্থ: অনুগ্রহ করে

Pooh — Expression of contempt. বাংলা অর্থ: ছিঃ!

Rats — Expression of disappointment. বাংলা অর্থ: ধুর!

Right — Expression of agreement. বাংলা অর্থ: ঠিক আছে

Shh — Asking for silence. বাংলা অর্থ: চুপ!

Shoot — Mild expression of frustration. বাংলা অর্থ: ধুর!

Snap — Sudden breaking sound. বাংলা অর্থ: চটাক!, ভাঙার শব্দ

Sorry — Expression of apology. বাংলা অর্থ: দুঃখিত

Super — Expression of praise. বাংলা অর্থ: অসাধারণ!

Thanks — Expression of gratitude. বাংলা অর্থ: ধন্যবাদ

There — Used to comfort someone. বাংলা অর্থ: এই তো, শান্ত হও

Tsk-tsk — Expression of disapproval. বাংলা অর্থ: ছিঃ ছিঃ!

Ugh — Expression of disgust. বাংলা অর্থ: উফ!, ঘৃণা প্রকাশ

Uh-oh — Expression when something goes wrong. বাংলা অর্থ: বিপদ!

Uh-huh — Informal yes. বাংলা অর্থ: হ্যাঁ

Umm — Used while hesitating. বাংলা অর্থ: উম্ম..., দ্বিধা প্রকাশ

Voila — Used when presenting something. বাংলা অর্থ: এই নাও!

Well — Used to begin a response. বাংলা অর্থ: আচ্ছা

Whoa — Expression of surprise. বাংলা অর্থ: আরে!

Whoops — Expression after mistake. বাংলা অর্থ: উফ!, ভুল হয়েছে

Wow — Strong expression of surprise. বাংলা অর্থ: বাহ!

Yay — Expression of happiness. বাংলা অর্থ: ইয়েহ!, আনন্দ

Yeah — Informal yes. বাংলা অর্থ: হ্যাঁ

Yikes — Expression of fear or surprise. বাংলা অর্থ: আরে বাবা!

Yippee — Expression of joy. বাংলা অর্থ: ইয়া হু!, আনন্দ

Yo — Informal greeting. বাংলা অর্থ: এই!

Yuck — Expression of disgust. বাংলা অর্থ: ছি!

Zap — Sound of sudden action or electricity. বাংলা অর্থ: ঝাপ!, বিদ্যুতের শব্দ

Zing — Sharp energetic sound. বাংলা অর্থ: ঝিং!, তীক্ষ্ণ শব্দ

Types of Interjections

1. Joy Interjections: Hooray, Yay, Yippee, Bravo, Wow বাংলা: আনন্দ প্রকাশক অব্যয়

2. Sorrow Interjections: Alas, Oh no বাংলা: দুঃখ প্রকাশক অব্যয়

3. Pain Interjections: Ouch, Ow বাংলা: ব্যথা প্রকাশক অব্যয়

4. Surprise Interjections: Aha, Gosh, Gee, Whoa বাংলা: বিস্ময় প্রকাশক অব্যয়

5. Greeting Interjections: Hello, Hey, Yo বাংলা: সম্ভাষণসূচক অব্যয়

6. Approval Interjections: Great, Super, Awesome বাংলা: প্রশংসাসূচক অব্যয়

7. Disgust Interjections: Ugh, Yuck, Pooh বাংলা: ঘৃণা প্রকাশক অব্যয়

8. Silence Interjections: Hush, Shh বাংলা: নীরবতার নির্দেশক অব্যয়

9. Hesitation Interjections: Umm, Hmm বাংলা: দ্বিধা বা চিন্তা প্রকাশক অব্যয়

10. Anger Interjections: Damn, Blast, Shoot বাংলা: রাগ প্রকাশক অব্যয়

13/05/2026

======================================
INDUS VALLEY (HARAPPAN)
CIVILISATION
======================================

OVERVIEW
--------
- Time Period: 2500 BCE – 1750 BCE (Radio Carbon dating)
- Also called: Harappan Civilisation (after first excavated site – Harappa)
- Belongs to: Bronze Age (copper, bronze, silver, gold known; iron not known)
- Name 'India' derived from river Indus; Aryans called Indus "Sindhu"

GEOGRAPHICAL SPREAD
-------------------
- North-South extent: 1400 km
- East-West extent: 1600 km
- Total area: ~1,299,600 sq km (larger than Ancient Egypt & Mesopotamia)
- Total settlements discovered: ~1500
- Northernmost site: Manda (Jammu & Kashmir)
- Southernmost site: Daimabad (Maharashtra)
- Westernmost site: Sutkagen Dor (Pakistan)
- Easternmost site: Alamgirpur (Uttar Pradesh)

KEY NOTE: Most settlements located in the valley of Saraswati river system
(now extinct). Saraswati known as Ghaggar in Punjab and Chakra in Baluchistan.
Major settlements lie in the Ghaggar-Hakra belt.

MAJOR SITES & EXCAVATORS
------------------------
Harappa (1921)
- Excavator: Daya Ram Sahni
- River: Ravi; Location: Montgomery district, Punjab (Pakistan)
- Harappa is the first discovered site of the Indus valley civilization.
- Harappa was first observed by Mason in 1826 CE.
- MS Vats conducted excavations in 1934 CE.
- Findings: 6 granaries; grid planning; R-37 & H cemetery; coffin burial;
virgin goddess seal; lingam-yoni symbols; wheat & barley in wooden mortar;
copper scale & mirror; sword; vanity box; dice; bronze dog chasing deer; n**e; stone dancer statue.
male & female figures.
- Harappa was a major centre for boat building.
- it was surrounded by citadel.
- Each gallery measured 50 x 20 feet and was made of bricks.

Mohenjodaro (1922)
- Sindhi for "Mound of the dead", Nakhlistan; Largest centre of the Indus valley civilization.
- Excavator: R.D. Bannerjee
- River: Indus; Location: Larkana district, Sindh (Pakistan)
- Findings: Great Bath (39×23×8 ft); it's floor was made of fine brunt bricks constructed with gypsum and motor, the great bath was used for religious purpose.
- the largest building in MohenjoDaro is the great gallery measuring 150 feet long x 50 feet wide.
- Pashupati seal; mother goddess; bronze dancing girl; Fire altars.
- steatite bearded man; mother goddess clay figures; a multi-pillared assembly hall used for administrative purpose;
dice; yogi idol. Double burial; terracotta bullock cart; bronze dancing girl statue; gold ornaments; ship made from Steatite and Terracotta.

Chanhudaro (1931)
- Excavators: N. Gopal Majumdar, Mackey
- River: Left bank of Indus; Location: Sindh
- Findings: City without citadel; bead makers factory; inkpot; lipstick;
metal works; dog's paw print on brick; bronze toy cart.

Sutkagendor (1927)
- Excavator: R.L. Stein
- River: Dasht; Location: Baluchistan (Pakistan)
- Findings: Port city; trade point between Harappa & Babylon.

Amri (1929)
- Excavator: N.G. Majumdar
- River: Indus; Location: Sindh
- Findings: Evidence of antelope.

Kalibangan (1955)
- Excavator: A. Ghosh
- River: Ghaggar; Location: Rajasthan
- Findings: Furrowed field (pre-Harappan); fire altars; camel bones;
Mesopotamian cylindrical seal.

Kot Diji (1955)
- Excavator: Fazal Khan
- River: Left bank of Indus; Location: Sindh
- Findings: Wheel-made painted pottery; defensive wall; mother goddess
figurines.

Rangpur (1935)
- Excavators: M.S. Vats, B.B. Lal, S.R. Rao
- River: Mahar; Location: Gujarat
- Findings: Rice cultivation.

Ropar (1953)
- Excavator: Y.D. Sharma
- River: Sutlej; Location: Punjab (India)
- Findings: Dog buried with master; rectangular mudbrick chamber.

Lothal (1955-60)
- Excavator: S.R. Rao
- River: Sabarmati & Bhogava confluence (Gulf of Cambay); Location: Gujarat
- Findings: ONLY SITE WITH ARTIFICIAL BRICK DOCKYARD; bead factory; rice
husk; fire altars; double burial; measuring scale; chess playing;
terracotta horse & ship figurines; Persian & Bahrain seals.

Alamgirpur (1958)
- Excavator: Y.D. Sharma
- River: Hindon; Location: Meerut (UP)
- Findings: Easternmost site; cloth impression on trough.

Rakhigarhi (1963)
- Excavator: Prof. Surajbhan
- River: Drishdavati / Ghaggar; Location: Hissar (Haryana)
- Findings: LARGEST HARAPPAN SITE IN INDIA (declared biggest site in 2014).

Banawali (1974)
- Excavator: R.S. Bisht
- River: Saraswati; Location: Hissar (Haryana)
- Findings: Toy plough; mother goddess figures; barley & rice; lack of
systematic drainage.

Dholavira (1967-68; 1985-90)
- Excavators: J.P. Joshi, R.N. Bisht
- River: Luni; Location: Rann of Kutch (Gujarat)
- Findings: Unique water management; largest Harappan inscription (10
pictographs); stadium; 7 cultural stages; large well & bath; city in
3 parts.

Manda (1975-76)
- Excavators: J.P. Joshi, Madhu Bala
- River: Chenab; Location: Akhnoor (Jammu)
- Findings: Northernmost site; copper pin; saddle querns.

Bhirrana (Haryana)
- ASI report: Oldest Harappan site in Indian subcontinent.

NOTE: Most Harappan sites in India are found in GUJARAT state.

TOWN PLANNING & ARCHITECTURE
----------------------------
- Grid system: Streets at right angles, dividing town into rectangular blocks.
- Two divisions: Citadel (upper – public buildings & ruling class) + Lower town
(common people).
- Houses: 2+ storeys; side entrances; no windows facing main street.
- Materials: Large-scale use of BURNT BRICKS; complete absence of stone
buildings; no round pillars.
- Great Bath (Mohenjodaro): Used for religious bathing; steps at both ends;
changing rooms; inlet/outlet; dimensions 39×23×8 ft.
- Granaries: Six granaries at Harappa (outside citadel); great granary at
Mohenjodaro.
- Barracks: Single-room quarters below citadel walls (probably for labourers).

DRAINAGE SYSTEM
---------------
- Underground drains connected all houses to street drains.
- Made of mortar, lime, gypsum; covered with brick/stone slabs; manholes
provided.
- Built of burnt bricks.
- Every house had courtyard & bathroom.
- Highly developed sense of health and sanitation.

SOCIAL LIFE
-----------
- Highly developed urban way of life.
- Middle-class society: priests, merchants, craftsmen, peasants, labourers.
- Dress: Two garments (upper & lower) of cotton; wool also used; necklaces
& bracelets common.
- Vanity case at Harappa shows knowledge of wall painting.
- Women: Knew art of wall painting; used cosmetics (lipstick at Chanhudaro).

POLITICAL LIFE
--------------
- No clear political organisation known.
- NO TEMPLES found at any site.
- No religious structures except the Great Bath.
- NOT ruled by priests (unlike some ancient civilisations).
- Harappans were LACKING IN WEAPONS.

ECONOMIC LIFE
-------------
AGRICULTURE (Backbone of economy)
- Crops: Wheat, barley, dates, peas, sesamum, mustard, millet, ragi, bajra,
jowar. Rice husks at Lothal & Rangpur.
- COTTON: First to produce cotton – Greeks called it "Sindon" (from Sindh);
woven fragment at Mohenjodaro.
- Indigo: Evidence from Rojdi.
- Sugarcane: NOT known to Indus people.
- Farming techniques: Wooden ploughshare (Kalibangan); stone sickles;
Gabarbands (dams for water storage) in Baluchistan; well irrigation
(Aldinho); dams & canals (Dholavira).

DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS
- Domesticated: Buffaloes, sheep, oxen, asses, goats, pigs, elephants,
dogs, cats. Camel bones at Kalibangan.
- Not known / rare: Horse (except jawbone at Surkotada); Lion.

TRADE (Barter system – no coins)
- Weights & measures: Limestone/steatite cubes; multiples of 16; linear
measurement sticks found.
- Imports:
Gold: Afghanistan, Persia, Karnataka
Silver: Afghanistan, Iran
Copper: Baluchistan, Khetri (Rajasthan)
Tin: Afghanistan, Central Asia
Lapis Lazuli: Badakashan, Kashmir
Turquoise: Central Asia, Iran
Jade: Central Asia
Carnelian: Saurashtra
Amethyst: Maharashtra
- Trade relations: Shortughai & Mundigak (Afghanistan); Altyn Depe &
Namazga (Turkmenistan); Tepe Yahya & Shahri-i-Sokhta (Iran).
- Intermediate stations: Dilmun (Bahrain), Makan (Makran coast).
- Indus Valley called MELUHA in Sumerian literature.
- Indus seals found at Ur, Kis, Susa, Logas (Mesopotamia).
- Mesopotamian cylindrical seals found at Mohenjodaro.
- Coffin burial – foreign phenomenon (Harappa & Mesopotamia).

RELIGIOUS LIFE
--------------
- Mother Goddess (Chief Female Deity): Terracotta figure with plant growing
from embryo – Goddess of Earth.
- Pashupati Mahadeva (Proto-Shiva) – Chief Male Deity: Seated in yogic posture
on throne; three faces, two horns; surrounded by elephant, tiger, rhino,
buffalo; two deer at feet.
- Lingam & Yoni worship: Numerous stone symbols.
- Tree worship: Pipal.
- Animal worship: Bull.
- Bird worship: Dove, pigeon.
- Stone worship: Yes.
- Idolatry: Practiced, but NO TEMPLES found.
- Beliefs: Ghosts & evil forces; used AMULETS for protection.
- Fire altars discovered at KALIBANGAN and LOTHAL.

BURIAL PRACTICES
----------------
- Mohenjodaro: Complete, fractional, post-cremation.
- Kalibangan: Circular and rectangular grove.
- Surkotada: Pot-burial.
- Lothal: Double burial (male & female).
- Harappa: East-West axis; R-37 & H cemetery; coffin burial.

ART, CRAFT & TECHNOLOGY
-----------------------
POTTERY
- Bright/dark red; sturdy & well-baked; script engraved.
- Wheel-made; plain & painted ware (plain more common).
- Types: Glazed (earliest example in ancient world), polychrome, incised,
perforated, knobbed.

SEALS
- Material: Steatite (soft stone).
- Most have animal with short inscription.
- UNICORN (bull with single horn) – most frequently represented.
- Famous Bull seal from Mohenjodaro.
- Types: Square (carved animal + inscription); Rectangular (inscription only).
- ~2000 seals recovered.

TERRACOTTA FIGURINES
- Fire-baked clay.
- Toys, objects of worship, animals (monkeys, dogs, sheep, cattle, hu**ed/
humpless bulls); male & female figurines.

NOTABLE ARTEFACTS
- Harappa: Stone lingam-yoni, virgin goddess seal, copper mirror, vanity box,
dice, bronze dog chasing deer, n**e male torso (red sandstone – traces of
Jainism).
- Mohenjodaro: Pashupati seal, bronze dancing girl, bearded man (steatite),
mother goddess figures.
- Chanhudaro: Inkpot, lipstick, bead making factory.
- Lothal: Bead makers factory, painted jar (bird-fox), dying vat.
- Banawali: Terracotta plough.

SCRIPT & LANGUAGE
-----------------
- UNDECIPHERED (so far).
- Pictographic in nature.
- Fish symbol – most represented.
- Writing style: BOUSTROPHEDON (right to left in first line, left to right in
second line).
- Dholavira signboard – 10 pictographs (largest Harappan inscription, used for
civil purposes).
- Indus Valley called MELUHA in Sumerian texts.

DECLINE OF INDUS CIVILISATION – VARIOUS THEORIES
-------------------------------------------------
- External Aggression / Invasion: Wheeler, Piggot, Gordon-Childe
- Inundation: M.R. Sahani
- Epidemic: K.V.R. Kennedy
- Tectonic Disturbances (e.g., Dholavira): Marshall & Raikes
- Sudden Decline: Wheeler
- Climatic Change: R.L. Stein, A.N. Ghosh
- Deforestation, ecological imbalances: Walter Fairservis
- Flood (e.g., Mohenjodaro): Marshal, S.R. Rao, Mackey
- Change in course of river Ghaggar: G.F. Holes

QUICK FACTS SUMMARY (At a Glance)
----------------------------------
+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Fact | Details |
+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| First discovered site | Harappa (1921, Daya Ram Sahni) |
| Largest site | Rakhigarhi (Haryana) / Dholavira (Guj.) |
| Only site with dockyard | Lothal |
| Oldest site | Bhirrana (Haryana) |
| Site with furrowed field | Kalibangan |
| Site with horse bones | Surkotada |
| Site with camel bones | Kalibangan |
| Site with fire altars | Kalibangan & Lothal |
| Site with stadium | Dholavira |
| Northernmost site | Manda |
| Southernmost site | Daimabad |
| Westernmost site | Sutkagen Dor |
| Easternmost site | Alamgirpur |
| Most sites in one Indian state | Gujarat |
| Script type | Pictographic, undeciphered |
| Writing style | Boustrophedon |
| Weights system | Multiples of 16 |
| First cotton producers | Indus people |
| Great Bath location | Mohenjodaro |
| Bead making factories | Chanhudaro & Lothal |
| Cemetery H & R-37 | Harappa |
+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------+

================================================================================
END OF NOTES
================================================================================

12/05/2026

♥️ NATIONAL & INTERNATIONAL AWARDS ♥️

📌Prime Minister's Awards

✅2026

Speaker of the Knesset Medel – Israel

✅2025

Order of Oman – Oman
The Great Honor Medel of Ethiopia – Ethiopia
Order of the Most Ancient Welwitschia Mirabilis – Namibia
Grand Collar of the National Order of the Southern Cross – Brazil
Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago – Trinidad & Tobago
Officer of the Order of the Star of Ghana – Ghana
Officer of the Order Makarios III – Cyprus
Mitra Vibhushan – Sri Lanka
Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean – Mauritius

✅2024

Order of Mubarak Al-Kabir – Kuwait
Order of Excellence – Guyana
Honorary Order of Freedom of Barbados – Barbados
Dominica Award of Honour – Republic of Dominica
Grand Commander of the Order of the Niger – Nigeria
Order of St. Andrew the Apostle – Russia

✅2023

Grand Cross of the Order of Honour – Greece
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour – France
Order of the Nile – Egypt
Companion of the Order of Logohu – Papua New Guinea
Companion of the Order of Fiji – Fiji
Abakal Award – Republic of Palau

♥️ Nobel Prize 2025 ♥️

Medicine – Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, Shimon Sakaguchi (For their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance, which prevents the immune system from attacking the body's own tissues.)

Physics – John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret, John M. Martinis (For the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation.)

Chemistry – Susumu Kitagawa, Richard Robson, Omar M. Yaghi (For the development of metal‑organic frameworks (MOFs).)

Peace – Maria Corina Machado (Venezuela) for her tireless work promoting democratic rights for the people of Venezuela.

Economics – Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, Peter Howitt (For their contributions to explaining innovation‑driven economic growth.)

Literature – Laszlo Krasznahorkai (Hungary) for his compelling and visionary oeuvre that, in the midst of apocalyptic terror, reaffirms the power of art.

♥️ Beauty Competitions : 2024-25 ♥️

Mrs. Universe 2025 - Sherry Singh (Noida, Uttar Pradesh)
Miss. Universe India, 2025 - Manika Vishwakarma (Rajasthan)
Miss. World, 2025 - Opal Suchata Chuangsri (Thailand)
Mrs world 2025 (72nd) - Tshego Gaelae (first black woman)

Femina Miss India, 2024 - Nikita Porwal (Madhya Pradesh)

Miss India USA, 2024 - Caitlin Sandra Neil (Indian American)
Miss Universe, 2024 - Victoria Kjaer Theilvig (Denmark)
World's first Miss AI - Kenza Leli (Morocco)

12/05/2026

♥️ Important Days & Theme ♥️

9 January – Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (Contribution of Overseas Indians to Developed India)

10 January – World Hindi Day (Hindi: From Traditional Knowledge to Artificial Intelligence)

12 January – National Youth Day (Ignite Yourself, Impact the World)

15 January – Army Day (India)

23 January – Parakram Diwas (Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose birth anniversary)

24 January – International Education Day

24 January – National Girl Child Day (Daughters of the Future: Digital and Empowered)

25 January – National Voters' Day (My India, My Vote)

25 January – National Tourism Day (Rural and Community -Centtic Tourism)

26 January – 77th Republic Day of India (150 Years of Vande Matram)

28 January – International Data Privacy Day (Raising awareness about private data and privacy in the digital age)

30 January – Martyrs' Day: World Leprosy Day

2 February – World Wetlands Day (Wetlands & Traditional Knowledge: Celebrating Cultural Heritage)

4 February – World Cancer Day (United by Unique)

10 February – World Pulses Day (Pulses of the World: From Simplicity to Excellence)

11 February – Samarpan Diwas (Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay death anniversary)

11 February – International Women and Girls in Science Day (Synergizing AI, Social Science, STEM & Finance)

13 February – World Radio Day (Radio and Artificial Intelligence: AI is a Tool not a Voice)

14 February – Valentine's Day

20 February – World Social Justice Day (A Renewed Commitment to Social Development and Social Justice)

21 February – World Mother Language Day (Youth Voices on Multilingual Education)

24–28 February – Financial Literacy Week

28 February – National Science Day (Women in Science: Catalyzing a Viksit Bharat)

3 March – World Wildlife Day

4 March – Chabahar Day

8 March – International Women's Day

15 March – World Consumer Rights Day (2025 theme: Sustainable Lifestyles for a Just Transition)

21 March – International Day of Forests (2025 theme: Forests and Food)

22 March – World Water Day & Bihar Day

23 March – World Meteorological Day (2025 theme: Bridging the Early Warning Levels Together)

24 March – World Tuberculosis Day (2025 theme: Yes! We can end TB)

7 April – World Health Day (2025 theme: Healthy Start, Hopeful Future)

10 April – World Homeopathy Day (2025 theme: Study, Study, Research)

14 April – Equality Day (Ambedkar Jayanti) & World Chagas Disease Day (2025 theme: Prevent, Control, Care)

18 April – World Heritage Day

19 April – World Liver Day (2025 theme: Food is Medicine)

22 April – Earth Day (2025 theme: Our Strength, Our Planet)

24–30 April – World Immunization Week (2025 theme: Vaccination for all is as humanly possible)

25 April – World Malaria Day (2025 theme: End Malaria with Us: Reinvest, Reimagine, Reignite)

26 April – World Intellectual Property Day

1 May – International Workers' Day

3 May – International Press Freedom Day

6 May – World Asthma Day (2025 theme: Making Respiratory Treatment Accessible to All)

7 May – World Asthma Day (generic – see 6 May for 2025 theme)

8 May – World Red Cross Day (2025 theme: Keeping Humanity Alive)

11 May – National Technology Day (2025 theme: Empowering a Sustainable Future through Innovation)

12 May – International Nurses Day (2025 theme: Our Nurses, Our Future)

18 May – International Maritime Women's Day (2025 theme: Maritime Women: Leading Change and Sustainability)

22 May – International Biodiversity Day (2025 theme: Harmony with Nature and Sustainable Development)

25 May – World Thyroid Day (2025 theme: Thyroid Disease and Artificial Intelligence) & World Football Day

31 May – World No To***co Day (2025 theme: Bright Products Dark Intent: Exposing the Appeal)

5 June – World Environment Day (2025 theme: Beat Plastic Pollution)

7 June – World Food Safety Day (2025 theme: Food Safety: Science in Action)

8 June – World Oceans Day (2025 theme: Wonder: Sustaining What Sustains Us)

11 June – International Day of Play (2025 theme: Choose play every day)

12 June – World Kidney Cancer Day & World Day Against Child Labour (2025 theme for child labour: Progress is evident but there is more work to do)

14 June – World Blood Donor Day

20 June – World Refugee Day (2025 theme: Solidarity with Refugees)

21 June – International Day of Yoga (2025 theme: Yoga for One Earth, One Health)

23 June – International Olympic Day (2025 theme: Let's Move)

25 June – Samvidhaan Hatya Diwas

29 June – National Statistics Day

1 July – Doctor's Day / GST Day (2025 theme for Doctor's Day: Behind the mask: Who treats the healers?)

5 July – International Day of Cooperatives (2025 theme: Cooperatives: Towards a better world through inclusive...)

11 July – World Population Day (2025 theme: The world's largest ever youth generation)

15 July – World Youth Skills Day (2025 theme: Youth empowerment through AI and Digital Skills)

19 July – Bank Nationalization Day

22 July – World Brain Health Day (2025 theme: Brain health for all ages)

26 July – Kargil Vijay Diwas

28 July – World Hepatitis Day (2025 theme: Hepatitis can't wait)

29 July – International Tiger Day

6 August – Hiroshima Day

7 August – Javelin Day (Neeraj Chopra) & National Handloom Day (2025 theme: Handloom: Women Empowerment, Nation Empowerment)

12 August – International Youth Day (2025 theme: Local Youth Actions for Sustainable Development Goals and Beyond)

14 August – Partition Horrors Remembrance Day

15 August – Independence Day (India)

19 August – World Humanitarian Day (2025 theme: Strengthening global solidarity and empowering local communities)

20 August – Sadbhavna Diwas (Rajiv Gandhi)

23 August – National Space Day (2025 theme: Aryabhatta to Gaganyaan: Ancient Wisdom to Infinite Possibilities)

24–28 August – India Water Week (2025 theme: Water for Climate Action)

29 August – National Sports Day (2025 theme: Sports for promoting peaceful society and inclusive society – Major Dhyan Chand birth anniversary)

1–7 September – National Nutrition Week (2025 theme: Better nutrition for a better life)

5 September – Teacher's Day (2025 theme: Inspiring the next generation of learners)

8 September – International Literacy Day (2025 theme: Promoting literacy in the digital age)

10 September – World Su***de Prevention Day (2025 theme: Changing the Narrative on Su***de)

11 September – Mahakavi Day (Subramania Bharati death anniversary) & National Forest Martyrs Day (2025 theme: Remembering Martyrs, Protecting Forests)

14 September – Hindi Day

17 September – Social Justice Day (E. V. Ramasamy's birthday)

17–20 September – India Water Week (2024 theme: Partnerships for Inclusive Water Development...)

23 September – National Ayurveda Day (2025 theme: Ayurveda for People and Planet)

27 September – World Tourism Day

29 September – World Heart Day

2 October – Non-violence Day / Gandhi Jayanti

3 October – World Animal Day

4–10 October – World Space Week (2024 theme: Space and Climate Change)

5 October – National Dolphin Day

7 October – Nilgiri Tahr Day

8 October – Air Force Day

11 October – International Girl Child Day

14 October – World Standards Day

15 October – World Students Day (APJ Abdul Kalam)

16 October – World Food Day (2025 theme: Sustainable Food Systems for a Healthy Planet)

17 October – International Day for the Eradication of Poverty (2025 theme: Ending Abuse by Ensuring Respect and Effective Support for Families)

20 October – World Statistics Day (Driving Change with Quality Statistics and Data for All)

24 October – United Nations Day

24 October – World Polio Day (End Polio Now: Protect Every Child)

31 October – National Unity Day (Sardar Patel's birth anniversary) (One India, Self Reliance India)

31 October – Indira Gandhi death anniversary

3 November – International Biosphere Reserve Day

5 November – World Tsunami Awareness Day (Community Safety the Importance of Early Warning Systems)

7 November – National Cancer Awareness Day

11 November – National Education Day (Maulana Abul Kalam Azad birth anniversary)

12 November – National Bird Day

12 November – World Pneumonia Day (Saving Children's Lives)

14 November – Children's Day (India) (Every Right for Every Child)

14 November – World Diabetes Day

15 November – Janjatiya Gaurav Diwas

16 November – National Press Day

19 November – International Men's Day (Prompting the Health and Well-being of Men and Boys)

20 November – World Children's Day

25 November – No non-veg Day

26 November – National Constitution Day (Our Constitution - Our Pride)

1 December – World AIDS Day (Overcoming barries, transforming the AIDS response)

2 December – World Computer Literacy Day

4 December – Indian Navy Day

5 December – World Soil Day

6 December – Maitri Diwas (India-Bangladesh friendship)

10 December – International Human Rights Day (Human rights, our everyday needs)

14 December – World Energy Day & Veer Baal Diwas

16 December – Vijay Diwas

18 December – International Migrants Day

24 December – National Consumer Rights Day (Efficient and timely solutions through digital justice)

25 December – Good Governance Day

♥️ United Nations International Years ♥️

2019 – International Year of Indigenous Languages

2020 – International Year of Plant Health

2021 – International Year of Peace and Trust

2022 – International Year of Artisanal Fisheries and Aquaculture

2023 – International Year of Millet

2024 – International Year of Camelids

2025 – International Year of Quantum Science and Technology, International Year for the Protection of Glaciers, International Year of Cooperatives

2026 – International Year of Women Farmers, International Year of Grasslands and Shepherds

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