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Rapid Laboratory, Sarai Mir (2025)

26/08/2024

What happens in your body during a fever?

The human body maintains an average temperature of around 98.6 F (or 37 C). The hypothalamus, a part of the brain acting as a thermostat, constantly monitors and regulates body temperature.

During an infection, immune cells release fever-inducing chemicals, which travel to the hypothalamus and signal it to raise the body's temperature. This increase is typically considered a fever when the body temperature exceeds 100.4 F (or 38 C). The hypothalamus utilizes various mechanisms to raise body temperature, including constricting blood vessels to reduce heat loss through the skin and inducing shivering to generate more heat. Fever is part of the body's first line of defense against infections. Higher body temperatures create a less favorable environment for bacteria or viruses to replicate and infect cells. The immune system becomes more effective at fighting off infections by producing heat shock proteins (HSPs) during fever. T

hese heat shock proteins activate immune pathways that help in defending the body against foreign invaders. Some people experience chills during a fever despite rising body temperature. This happens because the brain has temporarily reset the internal temperature gauge to a higher level. A person with a fever may feel cold as the body tries to reach this new temperature. While fever is often uncomfortable, it is a natural and effective tool in the body's arsenal for fighting infections, and it usually indicates that the immune system is actively working to restore health.

12/11/2023

(TB)
Symptoms of tuberculosis
The symptoms of tuberculosis (TB) depend on where the infection occurs.

TB usually develops slowly. Your symptoms might not begin until months or even years after you were initially infected.

In some cases the infection doesn't cause any symptoms, which is known as latent TB. It's called active TB if you have symptoms. You should contact your GP if you or your child have symptoms of TB.

Main symptoms
General symptoms of TB include:

lack of appetite and weight loss
a high temperature (fever)
night sweats
extreme tiredness or fatigue
These symptoms can have many different causes, however, and are not always a sign of TB.

Additional symptoms
TB can also cause additional symptoms depending on which part of the body is infected.

Pulmonary TB
Most infections affect the lungs, which can cause:

a persistent cough that lasts more than three weeks and usually brings up phlegm, which may be bloody
breathlessness that gradually gets worse
This is known as pulmonary TB.

Extrapulmonary TB
Less commonly, TB infections develop in areas outside the lungs, such as the lymph nodes (small glands that form part of the immune system), the bones and joints, the digestive system, the bladder and reproductive system, and the nervous system (brain and nerves).

This is known as extrapulmonary TB.

Symptoms of extrapulmonary TB vary, but can include:

persistently swollen glands
abdominal (tummy) pain
pain and loss of movement in an affected bone or joint
confusion
a persistent headache
seizures (fits)
Causes of tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a type of bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

The condition is spread when a person with an active TB infection in their lungs coughs or sneezes and someone else inhales the expelled droplets, which contain TB bacteria.

Although it is spread in a similar way to a cold or the flu, TB is not as contagious. You would usually have to spend prolonged periods in close contact with an infected person to catch the infection yourself.

For example, TB infections usually spread between family members who live in the same house. It would be highly unlikely to become infected by sitting next to an infected person on a bus or train.

Not everyone with TB is infectious. Generally, children with TB or people with TB that occurs outside the lungs (extrapulmonary TB) do not spread the infection.

Latent or active TB
In most healthy people the immune system is able to destroy the bacteria that cause TB. However, in some cases the bacteria infect the body but don't cause any symptoms (latent TB), or the infection begins to cause symptoms within weeks or months (active TB).

Up to 10% of people with latent TB eventually develop active TB years after the initial infection. This usually happens when the immune system is weakened – for example, during chemotherapy.

Who's most at risk?
Anyone can catch TB, but people particularly at risk include those:

who live in, come from, or have spent time in a country or area with high levels of TB – around three in every four TB cases in the UK affect people born outside the UK
in prolonged close contact with someone who is infected
living in crowded conditions
with a condition that weakens their immune system, such as HIV
having treatments that weaken the immune system, such as corticosteroids, chemotherapy or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors (used to treat some types of arthritis and certain gut conditions)
who are very young or very old – the immune systems of people who are young or elderly tend to be weaker than those of healthy adults
in poor health or with a poor diet because of lifestyle and other problems, such as drug misuse, alcohol misuse, or homelessness
Diagnosing tuberculosis
Several tests are used to diagnose tuberculosis (TB), depending on the type of TB suspected.

Your GP may refer you to a TB specialist for testing and treatment if they think you have TB.

Pulmonary TB
A diagnosis of pulmonary TB (TB that affects the lungs) can be difficult and several tests are usually needed.

This will include a chest X-ray to look for changes in the appearance of your lungs that are suggestive of TB. Samples of phlegm will also often be taken and checked for the presence of TB bacteria.

These tests are important in helping to decide on the most effective treatment for you.

Extrapulmonary TB
If you have suspected extrapulmonary TB (TB that occurs outside the lungs), several tests can be used to confirm a diagnosis. These may include:

a computerised tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, or ultrasound scan of the affected part of the body
examining the inside of your body with a long, thin, flexible tube that contains a light and camera, which is inserted either through an opening such as your mouth (endoscopy) or a small cut made in your skin (laparoscopy)
urine and blood tests
a biopsy – a small sample of tissue or fluid is taken from the affected area and tested for TB bacteria
You may also have a lumbar puncture. This involves taking a small sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the base of your spine. CSF is fluid that surrounds the brain. It can be checked to see whether TB has infected your central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).

Screening for latent TB
In some circumstances, you may need to be tested to check for latent TB (when you have been infected with TB bacteria, but do not have any symptoms).

For example, you may need to be screened if you have been in close contact with someone known to have an active TB infection (an infection that causes symptoms), or if you have recently spent time in a country where TB levels are high.

If you have just moved to the UK from a country where TB is common, you may be screened when you arrive or your GP may suggest screening when you register as a patient.

Mantoux test
The Mantoux test is a widely used test for latent TB. It involves injecting a substance called PPD tuberculin into the skin of your forearm. It's also called the tuberculin skin test (TST).

If you have a latent TB infection, your skin will be sensitive to PPD tuberculin and a hard red bump will develop at the site of the injection, usually within 48 to 72 hours of having the test. If you have a very strong skin reaction, you may need a chest X-ray to confirm whether you have an active TB infection.

If you do not have a latent infection, your skin will not react to the Mantoux test. However, as TB can take a long time to develop, you may need to be screened again at a later stage.

If you have had the BCG vaccination, you may have a mild skin reaction to the Mantoux test. This does not necessarily mean you have latent TB.

Interferon gamma release assay (IGRA)
The IGRA is a newer type of blood test for TB that is becoming more widely available.

The IGRA may be used to help diagnose latent TB:

if you have a positive Mantoux test
if you previously had the BCG vaccination (as the Mantoux test may not be reliable in these cases)
as part of your TB screening if you have just moved to the UK from a country where TB is common
as part of a health check when you register with a GP
if you are about to have treatment that will suppress your immune system
if you are a healthcare worker
Treating tuberculosis
Treatment for tuberculosis (TB) will usually involve a long course of antibiotics lasting several months.

While TB is a serious condition that can be fatal if left untreated, deaths are rare if treatment is completed.

For most people, a hospital admission during treatment is not necessary.

Pulmonary TB
If you’re diagnosed with active pulmonary TB (TB that affects your lungs and causes symptoms), you will be given a six-month course of a combination of antibiotics. The usual course of treatment is:

two antibiotics (isoniazid and rifampicin) for six months
two additional antibiotics (pyrazinamide and ethambutol) for the first two months
It may be several weeks or months before you start to feel better. The exact length of time will depend on your overall health and the severity of your TB.

After taking the medicine for two weeks, most people are no longer infectious and feel better. However, it is important to continue taking your medicine exactly as prescribed and to complete the whole course of antibiotics.

Taking medication for six months is the most effective method of ensuring the TB bacteria are killed. If you stop taking your antibiotics before you complete the course, or you skip a dose, the TB infection may become resistant to the antibiotics. This is potentially serious, as it can be difficult to treat and will require a longer course of treatment.

If you find it difficult to take your medication every day, your treatment team can work with you to find a solution. This may include having regular contact with your treatment team at home, the treatment clinic, or somewhere else that is more convenient.

If treatment is completed correctly, you should not need any further checks by a TB specialist afterwards. However, you may be given advice about spotting signs that the illness has returned, although this is rare.

In rare cases TB can be fatal, even with treatment. Death can occur if the lungs become too damaged to work properly.

Extrapulmonary TB
Extrapulmonary TB (TB that occurs outside the lungs) can be treated using the same combination of antibiotics as those used to treat pulmonary TB. However, you may need to take them for 12 months.

If you have TB in areas such as your brain or the sac surrounding your heart (pericardium), you may initially be prescribed a corticosteroid such as prednisolone for several weeks to take at the same time as your antibiotics. This will help to reduce any swelling in the affected areas.

As with pulmonary TB, it's important to take your medicines exactly as prescribed and to finish the whole course.

Latent TB
Latent TB is when you have been infected with the TB bacteria, but do not have any symptoms of active disease. Treatment for latent TB is usually recommended for anyone aged 65 or under.

However, the antibiotics used to treat TB can cause liver damage in older adults, so treatment for people with latent TB aged 35-65 isn’t recommended if this is a concern.

Latent TB is also not always treated if it's thought to be drug-resistant. If this is the case, you may be regularly monitored to check the infection does not become active.

In some cases, testing and treatment for latent TB may be recommended for people who require treatment that will weaken their immune system, such as long-term corticosteroids, chemotherapy or TNF inhibitors. This is because there is a risk of the infection becoming active.

Treatment for latent TB generally involves either taking a combination of rifampicin and isoniazid for three months, or isoniazid on its own for six months.

Side effects of treatment
Isoniazid can cause nerve damage (peripheral neuropathy), but you’ll be given supplements of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) to take alongside it to reduce this risk. Your liver function may be tested before you start treatment.

In rare cases, the antibiotics used to treat TB can cause eye damage, which can be serious. If you are going to be treated with ethambutol, your vision should also be tested at the beginning of the course of treatment.

Contact your TB treatment team if you develop any worrying symptoms during treatment, such as:

being sick
yellowing of your skin and whites of your eyes (jaundice)
an unexplained high temperature (fever)
tingling or numbness in your hands or feet
a rash or itchy skin
changes to your vision, such as blurred vision
Rifampicin can reduce the effectiveness of some types of contraception, such as the combined contraceptive pill. Use an alternative method of contraception, such as condoms, while taking rifampicin.

Preventing the spread of infection
If you are diagnosed with pulmonary TB, you will be contagious up to about two to three weeks into your course of treatment.

You will not normally need to be isolated during this time, but it's important to take some basic precautions to stop TB spreading to your family and friends. You should:

stay away from work, school or college until your TB treatment team advises you it is safe to return
always cover your mouth – preferably with a disposable tissue – when coughing, sneezing or laughing
carefully dispose of any used tissues in a sealed plastic bag
open windows when possible to ensure a good supply of fresh air in the areas where you spend time
do not sleep in the same room as other people, as you could cough or sneeze in your sleep without realising it*

10/11/2023

:
Overview
Pneumonia is an infection in one or both lungs. Bacteria, viruses, and fungi cause it.

The infection causes inflammation in the air sacs in your lungs, which are called alveoli. The alveoli fill with fluid or pus, making it difficult to breathe.

Read on to learn more about pneumonia and how to treat it.

Is pneumonia contagious?
The germs that cause pneumonia are contagious. This means they can spread from person to person.

Both viral and bacterial pneumonia can spread to others through inhalation of airborne droplets from a sneeze or cough. You can also get these types of pneumonia by coming into contact with surfaces or objects that are contaminated with pneumonia-causing bacteria or viruses.

You can contract fungal pneumonia from the environment. However, it doesn’t spread from person to person.

Symptoms of pneumonia
Pneumonia symptoms can be mild to life-threatening. They can include:

coughing that may produce phlegm (mucus)
fever
sweating or chills
shortness of breath that happens while doing normal activities or even while resting
chest pain that’s worse when you breathe or cough
feelings of tiredness or fatigue
loss of appetite
nausea or vomiting
headaches
Other symptoms can vary according to your age and general health:

Children under 5 years old may have fast breathing or wheezing.
Infants may appear to have no symptoms, but sometimes they may vomit, lack energy, or have trouble drinking or eating.
Older people may have milder symptoms. They can also exhibit confusion or a lower than normal body temperature.
Causes of pneumonia
There are several types of infectious agents that can cause pneumonia.

Bacterial pneumonia
The most common cause of bacterial pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae. Other causes include:

Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Legionella pneumophila
Viral pneumonia
Respiratory viruses are often the cause of pneumonia. Some examples include:

influenza (flu)
respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
rhinoviruses (common cold)
Viral pneumonia is usually milder and can improve in one to three weeks without treatment.

Fungal pneumonia
Fungi from soil or bird droppings can cause pneumonia. They most often cause pneumonia in people with weakened immune systems. Examples of fungi that can cause pneumonia include:

Pneumocystis jirovecii
Cryptococcus species
Histoplasmosis species

Types of pneumonia
Pneumonia can also be classified according to where or how it was acquired.

Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)
This type of bacterial pneumonia is acquired during a hospital stay. It can be more serious than other types, as the bacteria involved may be more resistant to antibiotics.

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) refers to pneumonia that’s acquired outside of a medical or institutional setting.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)
When people who are using a ventilator get pneumonia, it’s called VAP.

Aspiration pneumonia
Aspiration pneumonia happens when you inhale bacteria into your lungs from food, drink, or saliva. This type is more likely to occur if you have a swallowing problem or if you’re too sedate from the use of medications, alcohol, or other drugs.

Pneumonia treatment
Your treatment will depend on the type of pneumonia you have, how severe it is, and your general health.

Prescription medications
Your doctor may prescribe a medication to help treat your pneumonia. What you’re prescribed will depend on the specific cause of your pneumonia.

Oral antibiotics can treat most cases of bacterial pneumonia. Always take your entire course of antibiotics, even if you begin to feel better. Not doing so can prevent the infection from clearing, and it may be harder to treat in the future.

Antibiotic medications don’t work on viruses. In some cases, your doctor may prescribe an antiviral. However, many cases of viral pneumonia clear on their own with at-home care.

Antifungal medications are used to fight fungal pneumonia. You may have to take this medication for several weeks to clear the infection.

At-home care
Your doctor may also recommend over-the-counter (OTC) medication to relieve your pain and fever, as needed. These may include:

aspirin
ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin)
acetaminophen (Tylenol)
Your doctor may also recommend cough medicine to calm your cough so you can rest. Keep in mind coughing helps remove fluid from your lungs, so you don’t want to eliminate it entirely.

You can help your recovery and prevent a recurrence by getting a lot of rest and drinking plenty of fluids.

Hospitalization
If your symptoms are very severe or you have other health problems, you may need to be hospitalized. At the hospital, doctors can keep track of your heart rate, temperature, and breathing. Hospital treatment may include:

intravenous antibiotics injected into a vein
respiratory therapy, which involves delivering specific medications directly into the lungs or teaching you to perform breathing exercises to maximize your oxygenation
oxygen therapy to maintain oxygen levels in your bloodstream (received through a nasal tube, face mask, or ventilator, depending on severity)
Pneumonia risk factors
Anyone can get pneumonia, but certain groups do have a higher risk. These groups include:

infants from birth to 2 years old
people ages 65 years and older
people with weakened immune systems because of disease or use of medications, such as steroids or certain cancer drugs
people with certain chronic medical conditions, such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, or heart failure
people who’ve recently had a respiratory infection, such as a cold or the flu
people who’ve been recently or are currently hospitalized, particularly if they were or are on a ventilator
people who’ve had a stroke, have problems swallowing, or have a condition that causes immobility
people who smoke, use certain types of drugs, or drink excessive amounts of alcohol
people who’ve been exposed to lung irritants, such as pollution, fumes, and certain chemicals
Pneumonia prevention
In many cases, pneumonia can be prevented.

Vaccination
The first line of defense against pneumonia is to get vaccinated. There are several vaccines that can help prevent pneumonia.

Prevnar 13 and Pneumovax 23

These two pneumonia vaccines help protect against pneumonia and meningitis caused by pneumococcal bacteria. Your doctor can tell you which one might be better for you.

Prevnar 13 is effective against 13 types of pneumococcal bacteria. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendsTrusted Source this vaccine for:

children under the age of 2
adults ages 65 years and older
people between ages 2 and 64 years with chronic conditions that increase their risk for pneumonia
Pneumovax 23 is effective against 23 types of pneumococcal bacteria. The CDC recommendsTrusted Source it for:

adults ages 65 years and older
adults ages 19 to 64 years who smoke
people between ages 2 and 64 years with chronic conditions that increase their risk for pneumonia
Flu vaccine

Pneumonia can often be a complication of the flu, so be sure to also get an annual flu shot. The CDC recommendsTrusted Source that everyone ages 6 months and older get vaccinated, particularly those who may be at risk for flu complications.

Hib vaccine

This vaccine protects against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), a type of bacteria that can cause pneumonia and meningitis. The CDC recommendsTrusted Source this vaccine for:

all children under 5 years old
unvaccinated older children or adults who have certain health conditions
individuals who’ve gotten a bone marrow transplant
According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH)Trusted Source, pneumonia vaccines won’t prevent all cases of the condition. But if you’re vaccinated, you’re likely to have a milder and shorter illness as well as a lower risk for complications.

Other prevention tips
In addition to vaccination, there are other things you can to avoid pneumonia:

If you smoke, try to quit. Smoking makes you more susceptible to respiratory infections, especially pneumonia.
Regularly wash your hands with soap and water.
Cover your coughs and sneezes. Promptly dispose used tissues.
Maintain a healthy lifestyle to strengthen your immune system. Get enough rest, eat a healthy diet, and get regular exercise.
Together with vaccination and additional prevention steps, you can help reduce your risk for getting pneumonia. Here are even more prevention tips.

Pneumonia diagnosis
Your doctor will start by taking your medical history. They’ll ask you questions about when your symptoms first appeared and your health in general.

They’ll then give you a physical exam. This will include listening to your lungs with a stethoscope for any abnormal sounds, such as crackling. Depending on the severity of your symptoms and your risk for complications, your doctor may also order one or more of these tests:

Chest X-ray
An X-ray helps your doctor look for signs of inflammation in your chest. If inflammation is present, the X-ray can also inform your doctor about its location and extent.

Blood culture
This test uses a blood sample to confirm an infection. Culturing can also help identify what may be causing your condition.

Sputum culture
During a sputum culture, a sample of mucus is collected after you’ve coughed deeply. It’s then sent to a lab to be analyzed to identify the cause of the infection.

Pulse oximetry
A pulse oximetry measures the amount of oxygen in your blood. A sensor placed on one of your fingers can indicate whether your lungs are moving enough oxygen through your bloodstream.

CT scan
CT scans provide a clearer and more detailed picture of your lungs.

Fluid sample
If your doctor suspects there’s fluid in the pleural space of your chest, they may take a fluid sample using a needle placed between your ribs. This test can help identify the cause of your infection.

Bronchoscopy
A bronchoscopy looks into the airways in your lungs. It does this using a camera on the end of a flexible tube that’s gently guided down your throat and into your lungs. Your doctor may do this test if your initial symptoms are severe, or if you’re hospitalized and not responding well to antibiotics.

Walking pneumonia
Walking pneumonia is a milder case of pneumonia. People with walking pneumonia may not even know they have pneumonia, as their symptoms may feel more like a mild respiratory infection than pneumonia.

The symptoms of walking pneumonia can include things like:

mild fever
dry cough lasting longer than a week
chills
shortness of breath
chest pain
reduced appetite
Additionally, viruses and bacteria, like Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae, often cause pneumonia. However, in walking pneumonia, bacteria like Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophilia pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumoniae cause the condition.

Despite being milder, walking pneumonia may require a longer recovery period than pneumonia.

Is pneumonia a virus?
Several different types of infectious agents can cause pneumonia. Viruses are just one of them. The others include bacteria and fungi.

Some examples of viral infections that can cause pneumonia include:

influenza (flu)
RSV infection
rhinoviruses (common cold)
human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) infection
human metapneumovirus (HMPV) infection
measles
chickenpox (varicella-zoster virus)
adenovirus infection
coronavirus infection
Although the symptoms of viral and bacterial pneumonia are very similar, cases of viral pneumonia are often milder than those of bacterial pneumonia. According to the NIHTrusted Source, people with viral pneumonia are at risk for developing bacterial pneumonia.

One big difference between viral and bacterial pneumonia is treatment. Viral infections don’t respond to antibiotics. Many cases of viral pneumonia may be treated with at-home care, although antivirals may sometimes be prescribed.

Pneumonia vs. bronchitis
Pneumonia and bronchitis are two different conditions. Pneumonia is an inflammation of the air sacs in your lungs. Bronchitis is the inflammation of your bronchial tubes. These are the tubes that lead from your windpipe into your lungs.

Infections cause both pneumonia and acute bronchitis. Additionally, persistent or chronic bronchitis can develop from inhaling pollutants, like cigarette smoke.

A viral or bacterial infection can lead to a bout of acute bronchitis. If the condition remains untreated, it can develop into pneumonia. Sometimes it’s hard to tell if this has happened. The symptoms of bronchitis and pneumonia are very similar.

If you have bronchitis, it’s important to get it treated to prevent developing pneumonia.

Pneumonia in kids
Pneumonia can be a rather common childhood condition. Researchers estimate there are 120 millionTrusted Source cases of pediatric pneumonia worldwide each year.

The causes of childhood pneumonia can vary by age. For example, pneumonia due to respiratory viruses, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae is more common in children under 5 years old.

Pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae is frequently observed in children between the ages of 5 and 13. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is one of the causes of walking pneumonia. It’s a milder form of pneumonia.

See your pediatrician if you notice your child:

is having trouble breathing
lacks energy
has changes in appetite
Pneumonia can become dangerous quickly, particularly in young children. Here’s how to avoid complications.

Pneumonia home remedies
Although home remedies don’t actually treat pneumonia, there are some things you can do to help ease symptoms.

Coughing is one of the most common symptoms of pneumonia. Natural ways to relieve a cough include gargling salt water or drinking peppermint tea.

Things like OTC pain medication and cool compresses can work to relieve a fever. Drinking warm water or having a nice warm bowl of soup can help with chills. Here are six more home remedies to try.

Although home remedies can help ease symptoms, it’s important to stick to your treatment plan. Take any prescribed medications as directed.

Pneumonia recovery
Most people respond to treatment and recover from pneumonia. Like your treatment, your recovery time will depend on the type of pneumonia you have, how severe it is, and your general health.

A younger person may feel back to normal in a week after treatment. Others may take longer to recover and may have lingering fatigue. If your symptoms are severe, your recovery may take several weeks.

Consider taking these steps to aid in your recovery and help prevent complications from occurring:

Stick to the treatment plan your doctor has developed and take all medications as instructed.
Make sure to get plenty of rest to help your body fight the infection.
Drink plenty of fluids.
Ask your doctor when you should schedule a follow-up appointment. They may want to perform another chest X-ray to make sure your infection has cleared.*

08/11/2023

:

Overview

Dengue (DENG-gey) fever is a mosquito-borne illness that occurs in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Mild dengue fever causes a high fever and flu-like symptoms. The severe form of dengue fever, also called dengue hemorrhagic fever, can cause serious bleeding, a sudden drop in blood pressure (shock) and death.

Millions of cases of dengue infection occur worldwide each year. Dengue fever is most common in Southeast Asia, the western Pacific islands, Latin America and Africa. But the disease has been spreading to new areas, including local outbreaks in Europe and southern parts of the United States.
Researchers are working on dengue fever vaccines. For now, in areas where dengue fever is common, the best ways to prevent infection are to avoid being bitten by mosquitoes and to take steps to reduce the mosquito population.

Symptoms

Many people experience no signs or symptoms of a dengue infection.
When symptoms do occur, they may be mistaken for other illnesses — such as the flu — and usually begin four to 10 days after you are bitten by an infected mosquito.
Dengue fever causes a high fever — 104 F (40 C) — and any of the following signs and symptoms:

Headache

Muscle, bone or joint pain

Nausea

Vomiting

Pain behind the eyes

Swollen glands

Rash

Most people recover within a week or so. In some cases, symptoms worsen and can become life-threatening. This is called severe dengue, dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome.
Severe dengue happens when your blood vessels become damaged and leaky. And the number of clot-forming cells (platelets) in your bloodstream drops. This can lead to shock, internal bleeding, organ failure and even death.
Warning signs of severe dengue fever — which is a life-threatening emergency — can develop quickly. The warning signs usually begin the first day or two after your fever goes away, and may include:

Severe stomach pain

Persistent vomiting

Bleeding from your gums or nose

Blood in your urine, stools or vomit

Bleeding under the skin, which might look like bruising

Difficult or rapid breathing

Fatigue

Irritability or restlessness

When to see a doctor

Severe dengue fever is a life-threatening medical emergency. Seek immediate medical attention if you've recently visited an area in which dengue fever is known to occur, you have had a fever and you develop any of the warning signs. Warning signs include severe stomach pain, vomiting, difficulty breathing, or blood in your nose, gums, vomit or stools.
If you've been traveling recently and develop a fever and mild symptoms of dengue fever, call your doctor.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing dengue fever can be difficult because its signs and symptoms can be easily confused with those of other diseases — such as chikungunya, Zika virus, malaria and typhoid fever.
Your doctor will likely ask about your medical and travel history. Be sure to describe international trips in detail, including the countries you visited and the dates, as well as any contact you may have had with mosquitoes.

Your doctor may also draw a sample of blood to be tested in a lab for evidence of infection with one of the dengue viruses.

Treatment

No specific treatment for dengue fever exists.
While recovering from dengue fever, drink plenty of fluids. Call your doctor right away if you have any of the following signs and symptoms of dehydration:

Decreased urination

Few or no tears

Dry mouth or lips

Lethargy or confusion

Cold or clammy extremities

The over-the-counter (OTC) drug acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) can help reduce muscle pain and fever. But if you have dengue fever, you should avoid other OTC pain relievers, including aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve). These pain relievers can increase the risk of dengue fever bleeding complications.
If you have severe dengue fever, you may need:

Supportive care in a hospital

Intravenous (IV) fluid and electrolyte replacement

Blood pressure monitoring

Transfusion to replace blood loss*

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