EchoDx Hub

09/02/2026

Renal Circulation – Stepwise Flow (Tree Pattern 🌳):
Arterial side:
Descending aorta
→ Renal artery
→ Segmental artery
→ Interlobar artery
→ Arcuate artery
→ Cortical radiate artery
→ Afferent arteriole
→ Glomerular capillaries
Microcirculation:
Glomerular capillaries
→ Efferent arteriole
→ Peritubular capillaries (cortex)
→ Vasa recta (medulla)
Venous side:
Cortical radiate vein
→ Arcuate vein
→ Interlobar vein
→ Renal vein
→ Inferior vena cava
Key concepts (exam + clinical 🔑):
• Kidney has two capillary beds in series
• Glomerulus → filtration
• Peritubular capillaries & vasa recta → reabsorption & concentration
• High renal blood flow, but low oxygen extraction
One-line caption:
“Two capillary beds, one goal: perfect filtration and regulation.”
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08/02/2026

The cardiovascular system functions through two integrated circuits:
🔄 Pulmonary Circulation
Right heart → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs
• CO₂ removed
• O₂ added
Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left heart
🔄 Systemic Circulation
Left heart → Systemic arteries → Body tissues
• O₂ delivered
• CO₂ collected
Body → Systemic veins → Right heart
👉 Together, they ensure continuous oxygen delivery, waste removal, and tissue perfusion.

08/02/2026

🫀 Coronary Circulation
Coronary circulation includes arteries and veins supplying and draining the myocardium.
🔴 Coronary arteries arise from the aorta and deliver oxygenated blood.
• LCA → LAD & LCX → left ventricle & septum
• RCA → right heart, inferior wall, AV node (usually)
🔵 Coronary veins drain deoxygenated blood:
• Great cardiac vein → accompanies LAD
• Middle cardiac vein → runs with PDA
• Small cardiac vein → follows RCA
All major veins drain into the coronary sinus → right atrium.
Balanced arterial supply + venous drainage = effective myocardial perfusion ❤️
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07/02/2026

Life inside the Cath Lab 🫀

Drop a ❤️ if you’re part of the Cath Lab team.

07/02/2026

06/02/2026

Aortic Valve Morphology – Echo Perspective 🫀

Understanding aortic valve anatomy is crucial while evaluating aortic stenosis and planning management.

🔹 Normal Aortic Valve
• Tricuspid valve with thin, mobile cusps
• Symmetrical opening in systole
• Normal coronary ostia orientation

🔹 Rheumatic Aortic Valve
• Commissural fusion
• Thickened, restricted cusps
• Central triangular opening
• Often associated with mitral valve disease

🔹 Calcific (Degenerative) Aortic Valve
• Nodular calcification of cusps
• Reduced cusp mobility
• Narrow, irregular systolic opening
• Common in elderly patients

🔹 Bicuspid Aortic Valve
• Two cusps instead of three
• Eccentric, elliptical systolic opening
• Predisposes to early calcification and aortopathy

👉 Echo tip: Always assess valve morphology in parasternal short-axis view during both systole and diastole for accurate diagnosis.

💬 Which valve morphology do you see most often in your practice? Comment below 👇

06/02/2026

🫀 TEE – Mitral Valve Anatomy Simplified

Understanding mitral valve scallops in TEE is the key to accurate localization of pathology 👇

🔹 Anterior leaflet: A1 – A2 – A3
🔹 Posterior leaflet: P1 – P2 – P3

📐 TEE Multiplane Correlation
• 0° view → A2 – P2
• 45° view → A3 – A2 – P2
• 75° view → P3 – P2 – P1 (A2 seen centrally)
• 105° view → P2 – A2 – A1
• 135° view → P2 – A2

🧭 Orientation tips
✔ A1 / P1 → Near LAA
✔ A3 / P3 → Near posteromedial commissure
✔ A2 / P2 → Central scallops (most common site of MR)

🎯 Why this matters?
Accurate scallop identification helps in:
✔ MR jet localization
✔ Surgical planning
✔ MitraClip & structural interventions

💬 Question for you:
Which TEE angle do you find most useful for identifying P2 pathology?

👇 Comment your thoughts

StructuralHeart Echocardiography

05/02/2026

💬 Your thoughts?”

31/01/2026

🫀 Case Discussion – 7-Month-Old Baby with Pericardial Effusion

🔍 A 7-month-old baby presents with pericardial effusion on echocardiography.

👉 What could be the possible causes?
• Viral or bacterial infection
• Congenital heart disease
• Tuberculosis
• Hypothyroidism
• Autoimmune conditions
• Post-surgical causes
• Idiopathic

👉 What findings do you expect? • Tachycardia
• Poor feeding
• Irritability
• Enlarged cardiac silhouette on X-ray
• Signs of cardiac tamponade (if severe)

🎯 What is your probable diagnosis?
Comment your thoughts below 👇
Let’s learn together!

28/01/2026

Mitral Valve Anatomy 🫀

The mitral valve apparatus is a complex functional unit, not just leaflets.

🔹 Leaflets • Anterior leaflet (A1–A3) – large, semicircular, contributes to LV outflow
• Posterior leaflet (P1–P3) – smaller, scalloped
📌 Coaptation between A & P prevents regurgitation

🔹 Commissures • Lateral commissure – between A1–P1
• Medial commissure – between A3–P3

🔹 Annulus • Fibromuscular ring anchoring leaflets
• Dynamic—changes size during cardiac cycle

🔹 Chordae Tendineae • Connect leaflets to papillary muscles
• Prevent leaflet prolapse during systole

🔹 Papillary Muscles • Anterolateral papillary muscle
• Posteromedial papillary muscle
📌 Dysfunction → acute MR

🧠 Echo Correlation Tip

📍 Segmental leaflet analysis (A1–A3, P1–P3) is crucial for MR localization & surgical planning.

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27/01/2026

LV segmentation & bull’s-eye image 👇

Left Ventricle Segmentation – Echo Made Simple 🫀

The Left Ventricle (LV) is divided into 17 standardized segments to evaluate regional wall motion and coronary artery territory.

🔹 Basal segments (1–6) – Mitral valve level
🔹 Mid-cavity segments (7–12) – Papillary muscle level
🔹 Apical segments (13–16) – Near apex
🔹 Segment 17 – True apex (apical cap)

🫀 Apical Views
• A4C: Septal & Lateral walls
• A2C: Anterior & Inferior walls
• A3C (PLAX): Anteroseptal & Inferolateral walls

🎯 Clinical Use:
• Detect RWMA
• Localize coronary artery disease (LAD, LCX, RCA)
• Essential for MI & stress echo assessment






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