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Common Cold is Caused by: Rhinovirus .The most common cause of the Common cold is Rhinovirus.What is the Common Cold?The...
11/05/2026

Common Cold is Caused by: Rhinovirus .

The most common cause of the Common cold is Rhinovirus.

What is the Common Cold?
The common cold is a mild viral infection of the upper respiratory tract (nose, throat, and sinuses).

Cause
Mainly caused by rhinoviruses
Other viruses (like coronavirus, adenovirus) can also contribute
Mode of Transmission
Airborne droplets (coughing, sneezing)
Direct contact (touching contaminated surfaces)

Symptoms
Runny or blocked nose
Sneezing
Sore throat
Cough
Mild fever
Headache and body aches

Treatment
No specific cure (self-limiting disease)

Symptomatic treatment:
Rest
Fluids
Paracetamol for fever
Decongestants

Prevention
Hand hygiene
Avoid close contact with infected individuals
Cover mouth while coughing or sneezing

Conclusion
The common cold is mainly caused by rhinovirus, spreading easily through air and contact, and usually resolves on its own.

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Baby Starts Crawling at: Around 6–10 Months – Crawling is an important developmental milestone in infants. Most babies b...
11/05/2026

Baby Starts Crawling at: Around 6–10 Months –

Crawling is an important developmental milestone in infants. Most babies begin to crawl between 6 to 10 months of age, although the exact timing can vary from child to child.

What is Crawling?
Crawling is the baby’s first method of independent movement, where they move on hands and knees (or sometimes in other styles like scooting).

Stages Before Crawling
3–4 months: Lifts head and chest while lying on stomach
4–6 months: Rolls over and starts sitting with support
6–8 months: Sits without support and begins to move

Types of Crawling
Classic hands-and-knees crawling
Commando crawl (on the belly)
Scooting on the bottom
Importance of Crawling
Strengthens muscles and bones
Improves coordination and balance
Helps brain development and spatial awareness

When to Be Concerned
If the baby shows no movement attempts by 10–12 months, consult a pediatrician

Some babies may skip crawling and go straight to walking, which can still be normal

Conclusion
Most babies start crawling between 6–10 months, marking an important step in physical and neurological development.

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Furosemide is used for: Edema (Diuretic) –Furosemide is a powerful loop diuretic used to remove excess fluid from the bo...
11/05/2026

Furosemide is used for: Edema (Diuretic) –

Furosemide is a powerful loop diuretic used to remove excess fluid from the body.

Main Uses
Edema (swelling): Seen in heart failure, kidney disease, and liver disease
Hypertension: Helps lower high blood pressure

Pulmonary edema: Removes fluid from lungs in emergency situations

How It Works
Acts on the loop of Henle in the kidney
Inhibits reabsorption of sodium and chloride
Leads to increased urine output, removing excess fluid

Effects
Reduces fluid overload
Decreases swelling
Improves breathing in lung congestion

Side Effects
Dehydration
Low potassium levels (hypokalemia)
Dizziness

Conclusion
Furosemide is mainly used as a diuretic to treat edema and fluid overload, making it important in heart, kidney, and lung conditions.

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The lungs are a pair of spongy organs located in the chest (thorax). They are the main organs of the respiratory system ...
11/05/2026

The lungs are a pair of spongy organs located in the chest (thorax). They are the main organs of the respiratory system and are essential for the process of breathing.

🌬️ How the Lungs Work
We inhale air through the nose or mouth
Air travels through the trachea into the lungs
In the lungs, oxygen passes into the blood
Carbon dioxide from blood is released into the lungs
We exhale carbon dioxide out of the body

🧠 Supporting Structures
Nose and nasal cavity (filter air)
Trachea (windpipe)
Bronchi and bronchioles (air passages)
Diaphragm (muscle that helps in breathing)

🫁 Function
Supplies oxygen to the body
Removes carbon dioxide
Helps maintain life processes

📌 Summary
The lungs are the main organs that help in breathing by exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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Hypertension is a medical condition in which the force of blood against the artery walls remains higher than normal for ...
11/05/2026

Hypertension is a medical condition in which the force of blood against the artery walls remains higher than normal for a long period. It is often called high blood pressure and may not show symptoms in early stages, which is why it is known as a “silent killer.”

🩺 Blood Pressure Levels
Normal: 120/80 mmHg
Hypertension: ≥ 140/90 mmHg

⚠️ Causes / Risk Factors
High salt intake
Stress
Obesity
Lack of exercise
Smoking and alcohol use
Kidney disease
Family history

🧠 Symptoms (may be absent early)
Headache
Dizziness
Chest pain
Blurred vision
Shortness of breath

💊 Complications
Heart disease
Stroke
Kidney failure
Eye damage

🛡️ Prevention & Control
Healthy diet (low salt)
Regular exercise
Weight control
Avoid smoking and alcohol
Regular BP monitoring

📌 Summary
Hypertension refers to persistently high blood pressure in the body’s arteries.

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Migraine is a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent, severe, throbbing headaches, usually on one sid...
11/05/2026

Migraine is a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent, severe, throbbing headaches, usually on one side of the head. It may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light or sound.

🧠 Causes / Triggers
Stress
Lack of sleep or too much sleep
Certain foods (chocolate, cheese, caffeine)
Hormonal changes
Bright light or loud noise
Dehydration

⚠️ Symptoms
Severe throbbing headache
Nausea and vomiting
Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
Sensitivity to sound (phonophobia)
Visual disturbances (aura in some cases)

💊 Treatment
Pain relievers (as prescribed)
Rest in a dark, quiet room
Avoiding triggers
Preventive medicines in chronic cases

📌 Summary
Migraine is a neurological disorder that causes severe, recurring headaches.

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Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease in which the airways become swollen, narrowed, and sensitive, making breathing ...
11/05/2026

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease in which the airways become swollen, narrowed, and sensitive, making breathing difficult. It is often triggered by allergens or irritants.

🌬️ Affected System
Respiratory system
Mainly the bronchi and bronchioles

⚠️ Causes / Triggers
Dust and pollution
Pollen (allergy)
Smoke
Cold air
Exercise
Respiratory infections
Animal dander

🫁 Symptoms
Shortness of breath
Wheezing (whistling sound while breathing)
Chest tightness
Coughing (especially at night or early morning)

💊 Treatment
Inhalers (bronchodilators)
Anti-inflammatory medicines
Avoiding triggers
Nebulization in severe cases

📌 Summary
Asthma is a respiratory system disease that affects the airways and makes breathing difficult.

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Labour pain is relieved by: Analgesics / Epidural AnesthesiaLabour pain is commonly relieved using Epidural anesthesia o...
11/05/2026

Labour pain is relieved by: Analgesics / Epidural Anesthesia

Labour pain is commonly relieved using Epidural anesthesia or appropriate analgesic drugs.

Labour pain occurs due to strong uterine contractions and cervical dilation. Pain relief methods help make childbirth more comfortable and manageable.
Common Methods

Epidural anesthesia:
Most effective method
Given in the lower back
Numbs pain while the mother remains awake

Analgesic drugs (e.g., opioids):
Reduce pain sensation
Used in early or active labor

Non-drug methods:
Breathing exercises
Relaxation techniques
Massage and positioning

Conclusion
Labour pain is mainly relieved by epidural anesthesia and analgesics, ensuring safer and more comfortable delivery.

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11/05/2026

MCQs (Multiple Choice Questions) are objective-type questions in which a question is followed by several answer choices, and the student must select the correct answer.

Features of MCQs

One question with multiple options

Usually 4 options (A, B, C, D)

Only one correct answer in most cases

Used in exams, quizzes, and competitive tests

Advantages of MCQs

Easy and quick to evaluate

Covers a wide range of topics

Reduces examiner bias

Useful for competitive examinations



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Hormone Responsible for Maintaining Pregnancy: Progesterone – The primary hormone responsible for maintaining pregnancy ...
11/05/2026

Hormone Responsible for Maintaining Pregnancy: Progesterone –

The primary hormone responsible for maintaining pregnancy is Progesterone.

What is Progesterone?
Progesterone is a steroid hormone produced initially by the corpus luteum in the o***y and later by the placenta during pregnancy.

Functions of Progesterone in Pregnancy
Maintains the uterine lining (endometrium): Keeps it thick and suitable for implantation

Prevents uterine contractions: Reduces the risk of premature expulsion of the fetus

Supports fetal development: Creates a stable environment for growth
Prepares breasts for lactation: Helps in development of mammary glands
Modulates immune response: Prevents the mother’s body from rejecting the fetus

Role of Other Hormones (Supportive)
hCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin): Maintains corpus luteum in early pregnancy

Estrogen: Supports uterine growth and blood supply

Conclusion
Progesterone is essential for sustaining pregnancy by maintaining the uterine environment and preventing contractions, ensuring proper fetal development.

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Dry mouth, medically called xerostomia, is a condition where there is reduced or absent saliva production in the mouth. ...
11/05/2026

Dry mouth, medically called xerostomia, is a condition where there is reduced or absent saliva production in the mouth. Saliva is essential for maintaining oral health, digestion, and comfort.

Causes of Xerostomia
Medications: Antihistamines, antidepressants, antihypertensives
Dehydration: Lack of sufficient fluid intake
Diseases: Diabetes, Sjögren’s syndrome
Radiation therapy: Especially in head and neck cancer treatment
Nerve damage: Affecting salivary gland function

Symptoms
Dry or sticky feeling in the mouth
Difficulty in chewing, swallowing, or speaking
Cracked lips and dry tongue
Increased risk of dental caries (tooth decay)
Bad breath

Why Other Options Are Incorrect
Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing
Glossitis: Inflammation of the tongue
Halitosis: Bad breath

Conclusion
Xerostomia is the correct medical term for dry mouth and can significantly affect oral and overall health if not managed properly.

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