23/07/2025
What Makes Addiction a Mental Disorder?
Addiction is more than just repeated substance use. It is a recognized mental disorder that involves changes in brain function and behavior. The DSM 5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition) classifies it under Substance Use Disorders, and this classification is based on a specific set of criteria that help identify the presence and severity of addiction.
Below are key features that explain why addiction qualifies as a mental disorder:
1. Impaired Control
People with addiction often find themselves using the substance more frequently or in larger amounts than intended. Despite repeated efforts to stop or reduce their use, they struggle to control it.
2. Craving and Compulsion
An intense desire or urge to use the substance becomes overwhelming. This craving is not just psychological because it is driven by brain changes that fuel compulsive behavior.
3. Social Impairment
Addiction affects relationships and responsibilities. Individuals may start missing work or school, neglect their family duties, and withdraw from social or recreational activities.
4. Risky Use
Continued use in situations that are physically dangerous, such as driving under the influence, or continuing to use despite knowledge of ongoing physical or psychological harm, are strong indicators of a substance use disorder.
5. Physical Dependence (Tolerance and Withdrawal)
Tolerance occurs when a person needs more of the substance to achieve the desired effect. Withdrawal involves distressing physical or emotional symptoms when the person stops using the substance.
6. Changes in Brain Function
Long-term substance use alters the brain’s reward system, especially how it processes dopamine. This chemical is linked to pleasure and motivation. These changes reduce the ability to feel joy or satisfaction from normal life activities, deepening dependency.
7. Persistent Use Despite Consequences
Even when the substance is clearly damaging one’s health, relationships, finances, or legal standing, the individual continues using it. This ongoing behavior reflects how deeply addiction can distort decision-making and self-control.
8. Addiction is Not a Moral Failing
Classifying addiction as a mental disorder helps remove stigma. It reframes the condition as a medical issue rather than a personal weakness, which opens the door to proper treatment and compassion.
9. Treatment Requires More Than Willpower
Since addiction affects both the brain and behavior, recovery often involves therapy, medical intervention, and long-term support. Counseling, medication, lifestyle changes, and community support all play important roles.
10. Recovery is Possible
Recognizing addiction as a disorder means recognizing that healing is achievable. With the right treatment plan and support system, individuals can recover and lead fulfilling, substance-free lives.
In essence, addiction is a diagnosable mental disorder with specific symptoms and effects. Understanding its nature helps replace judgment with compassion and offers hope for effective treatment and recovery.
