Fertility solutions Kenya

20/03/2026

Endometriosis and In Vitro Fertilization

In vitro fertilization (IVF) is an established option for the management of infertility in patients with endometriosis, though there remains ongoing debate around the extent to which endometriosis may compromise IVF treatment success, in which fertilization and preimplantation embryo development occur outside the pelvis.

1. Introduction
Endometriosis is commonly found in women who experience conception delay, and women who are diagnosed with endometriosis are nearly twice as likely to suffer from infertility. Endometriosis has been proposed to adversely affect chances of natural conception due to mechanical distortion of pelvic anatomy, impairment of gamete and embryo transport, reduced oocyte quality and embryo quality, diminished ovarian reserve, altered immune and endocrine function, dysregulation of hormonal and cell-mediated functions involved in endometrial receptivity, and inability to have regular in*******se.
In vitro fertilization (IVF) is an established treatment option for the management of infertility in patients with endometriosis. During IVF treatment, oocytes and s***m are brought together outside the body (in vitro), which has been proposed to mitigate the toxic effects of the endometriotic pelvic environment.

2. Endometriosis and IVF Outcomes
Women with stage I/II endometriosis with tubal factor infertility have lower fertilization and implantation rates compared to women with tubal factor infertility without endometriosis. In addition, both oocyte yield and fertilization rate are affected by endometriosis of any stage, hence endometriosis negatively impact oocyte and embryo quality, and endometrial receptivity.
Moreover, lower fertilization rates but no significant difference in implantation, clinical pregnancy, or live birth rates in women with stage I/II endometriosis compared to women without endometriosis has been reported, whereas women with stage III/IV endometriosis have reduced implantation and clinical pregnancy rates but no difference is found in live birth rates. Women with stage III/IV disease have significantly lower clinical pregnancy rates and live birth rates with a lower number of oocytes retrieved when compared to controls.

3.1. Oocyte/Embryo Quality
Successful IVF treatment is dependent upon oocyte quality, which in turn impacts the creation of top-quality embryos, and subsequently, a receptive endometrium is crucial for implantation of the embryo. In 2022, a large study scrutinized 13,614 IVF cycles performed in women with endometriosis undergoing either autologous or donor oocytes, using data from the Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority (HFEA). They reported no significant difference in live birth rates in either fresh or frozen embryo transfer cycles, suggesting minimal or no impact of oocyte quality in patients with endometriosis. Moreover, studies examining euploidy and aneuploidy rates in women with endometriosis compared to age-matched controls have reported equivalent euploidy rates between groups.


3.2. Endometrial Receptivity
Endometrial receptivity is dependent upon an appropriate hormonal exposure of estrogen and progesterone and the regulated expression of numerous genes. The eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis has been shown to exhibit characteristics of progesterone resistance and aberrant cell signalling, suggested to alter endometrial receptivity.
However, in a study investigating transcriptomic modifications using the endometrial receptivity array (ERA) test, there was no difference in the endometrial receptivity gene signature during the implantation window in women with endometriosis compared to healthy controls. A sibling oocyte study evaluating the impact of surgically diagnosed stage III-IV endometriosis on IVF outcomes where women had received oocytes from the same donor, also found no difference in implantation rates in women with severe endometriosis (n = 25) compared to women without endometriosis (n = 33), suggesting no negative impact of endometriosis on implantation rates in women undergoing IVF. A randomized control trial investigating the effectiveness of endometrial scratching prior to IVF has shown that there was no significant difference in implantation rate or live birth rate in women with endometriosis compared to healthy controls, confirming that there is no role for performing endometrial scratching to improve implantation rates.
Euploid frozen embryo transfer cycles comparing women with surgically diagnosed endometriosis to women undergoing IVF for isolated male factor infertility show that there is no difference in implantation rates, clinical pregnancy, pregnancy loss, or live-birth rates. Blastocyst development, number of good-quality blastocysts produced, and euploidy rates are the same in both groups.
The current evidence suggests that when known high-quality embryos are transferred during a medicated frozen embryo transfer cycle, women with endometriosis do not exhibit any marked defect in endometrial receptivity.

3.3. Ovarian Endometriomas
Endometriomas are prevalent in almost 50% of women with endometriosis and reduce ovarian reserve due to damage to healthy ovarian tissue and mechanical stretch, resulting in a progressive reduction in the pool of primordial follicles. Meta-analyses examining the impact of ovarian endometriomas on IVF/ICSI outcomes have shown a significant reduction in the number of mature oocytes retrieved in women with endometrioma versus controls but no difference in the gonadotropin dose and duration, the total number of embryos, high-quality embryos, clinical pregnancy rate, and live birth rate between women with and without ovarian endometriomas. The reduction in the number of oocytes retrieved is greater in women with large endometriomas and where endometriomas are present bilaterally.
Surgery can adversely impact ovarian reserve due to the inadvertent removal of healthy ovarian tissue during cystectomy, thermal damage to the ovarian cortex during haemostasis or ablation, vascular compromise, and local inflammation. After surgical removal, there is a reduction in anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels in unilateral endometriomas by 30% and in bilateral endometriomas by 44%, with a reported risk of premature ovarian insufficiency of 2.4% following bilateral ovarian endometrioma removal. Younger women have a higher recurrence rate of endometriomas requiring repeated surgery, compounding the insult to their ovarian reserve.

4. Management Strategies in Women with Endometriosis Undergoing IVF.

4.1. Pre-Treatment
The use of prolonged GnRH analogues in women with endometriosis prior to ovarian stimulation has been proposed to improve pregnancy outcomes. The continuous exposure of the hypothalamic–pituitary ovarian axis to GnRH causes the downregulation of GnRH receptors and desensitization of the pituitary gland, resulting in a period of prolonged amenorrhoea and low estradiol levels, which is proposed to mitigate the inflammatory effects associated with endometriosis. The benefit of prolonged GnRH therapy (minimum 3 months) versus no pre-treatment prior to IVF or ICSI is uncertain with regards to clinical pregnancy, miscarriage, and live birth. Concerns with prolonged GnRH analogue use include pituitary over-suppression resulting in poor ovarian response and luteal insufficiency, although the effect of prolonged GnRH analogue use on the mean oocyte and embryo numbers is uncertain based on existing low-quality data, and further studies are needed.
The post-operative use of GnRH analogue therapy for endometriosis has been suggested to reduce the risk of disease recurrence and endometrioma formation with potential for use in the management of symptomatic women who are awaiting IVF. However, a randomized control trial on 400 women with minimal and mild endometriosis undergoing IVF who were treated with prolonged GnRH analogues for 3 months following surgical cauterization of endometriosis before undergoing IVF treatment showed no benefit with regards to embryo quality, implantation rates, or clinical pregnancy rates. Therefore, extended downregulation in women with endometriosis prior to IVF either following surgery or without surgery does not seem to confer benefit in improving IVF outcomes.
The use of Letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, has been evaluated in one retrospective cohort study including 126 women with endometriomas, showing improved reproductive outcomes when used along with GnRH analogues.

4.2. Ovarian Stimulation
There remains a lack of studies evaluating gonadotropin preparations or dosages for performing ovarian stimulation in women with endometriosis. Reassuringly, performing IVF does not increase disease progression or recurrence in deep endometriosis patients.
There is low-quality evidence that women with endometriosis may require a higher dose of gonadotrophins as they have a lower response to gonadotropins during ovarian stimulation, with one study including 40 women with ovarian endometriosis, and 80 women with tubal infertility undergoing IVF treatment showing a lower ovarian response and significantly higher dose of urinary FSH used, although there was no difference in live birth rates between groups.
It appears that there is no specific approach to ovarian stimulation in women with endometriosis, although a higher dose of gonadotrophins may be required in women with endometriosis. Other factors may need to be taken into consideration, including the approach of the clinical team and patient preference.

4.3. GnRH Agonist vs. Antagonist for Downregulation during Ovarian Stimulation

A randomized controlled trial in women with minimal and mild endometriosis and endometrioma who underwent 246 cycles of IVF with either the GnRH agonist or the GnRH antagonist protocols reported equivalent implantation and clinical pregnancy rates in both protocols. A systematic review and meta-analysis in women with moderate and severe endometriosis undergoing IVF with either the short or long GnRH agonist protocol showed higher clinical pregnancy rates in women who received the long GnRH agonist protocol; however, in their subgroup analysis of 14 non-randomized controlled trial studies of GnRH agonist downregulation protocols by duration (short, long and ultralong), there was no significant difference in reproductive outcomes.
Current evidence suggests no difference in reproductive outcomes between GnRH agonist and GnRH antagonist downregulation protocols; however, if GnRH agonist downregulation is used, a longer protocol could be considered, particularly following surgical management for symptomatic endometriosis.

4.4. Pelvic Infection
The risk of pelvic infection and abscess formation following oocyte retrieval may be increased in the presence of an ovarian endometrioma, although the overall risk remains low, reported at 0.12%. It is important to counsel women with endometriosis undergoing oocyte retrieval regarding the need to report symptoms suggestive of infection. The use of an aseptic technique for preparation and the routine use of broad-spectrum infection seems to reduce infection rates to a minimal level. The contamination of retrieved oocytes with endometrioma fluid may be avoided through the careful positioning of the aspiration needle at oocyte retrieval. If endometrioma puncture occurs, it is recommended to consider an extended course of antibiotics.

4.5. Method of Fertilization
There remains a lack of data regarding the impact of IVF and ICSI on fertilization rates and pregnancy rates in women with endometriosis. A retrospective study on 503 IVF cycles reassuringly found no significant difference in fertilization rates using IVF in women with endometriosis compared to women with infertility due to other causes. Further research is needed to evaluate whether there is any benefit in using ICSI in women with endometriosis in the absence of male factor infertility.

4.6. Elective Embryo Freezing
The supraphysiological rise in estradiol levels during ovarian stimulation is proposed to exacerbate endometriosis, adversely affect endometrial receptivity, and impair implantation. Elective embryo freezing and deferred frozen embryo transfer has been suggested as an approach to IVF treatment in women with endometriosis to mitigate these adverse effects. In a retrospective cohort study on women with endometriosis undergoing either fresh or deferred frozen embryo transfer, there is higher cumulative pregnancy rates in the frozen embryo transfer group (34.8% vs. 17.8%, p = 0.0005), although there is no significant difference in the live birth rate. Conversely, a meta-analysis of 3010 women with endometriosis show higher live birth rates following frozen embryo transfer compared to the fresh-embryo transfer group (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.13–2.08, p = 0.007).

4.7. Surgical Treatment of Endometriosis
Several systematic reviews and meta-analyses have concluded that ovarian cystectomy for endometrioma in women undergoing IVF does not improve clinical pregnancy or live birth rates. In addition, ovarian cystectomy prior to IVF treatment can lead to a higher rates of cycle cancellation due to poor ovarian response and failed oocyte retrieval with no significant difference in live birth rates compared to women who had no surgical treatment.
Women with minimal and mild endometriosis who underwent diagnostic laparoscopy alone prior to embarking on IVF treatment have higher implantation, pregnancy, and live birth rates.
A recent systematic review show surgery prior to IVF does not improve IVF/ICSI outcomes. Moreover, subgroup analysis of higher quality studies suggests that IVF/ICSI outcomes may be lower in women with a history of previous surgery.
Overall, surgery for ovarian endometrioma prior to surgery may be considered for endometriosis-associated symptom control or to improve follicular accessibility for oocyte retrieval; however, it should not be performed to improve IVF outcomes or prevent disease progression, as there currently is a lack of data to support this approach.

5. Conclusions
The presence of endometriosis may adversely impact ovarian reserve, oocyte/embryo quality, response to ovarian stimulation, and accessibility for oocyte retrieval during IVF treatment. The analysis of data from large registries for assisted reproduction technology and several meta-analyses has shown that women with endometriosis have lower oocytes retrieved but maintain similar livebirth rates to those of women without endometriosis. Surgery for ovarian endometriomas prior to IVF treatment should not be performed routinely, since this is detrimental to ovarian reserve and does not improve live birth rates; however, careful consideration should be applied to its use in the context of endometriosis symptom control and to improve access to ovarian follicles for egg collection. Reassuringly, performing IVF does not increase disease progression or recurrence in deep endometriosis patients. Future studies in the form of well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to further evaluate the role of surgical and medical treatment options in women with endometriosis undergoing assisted conception.


Footnotes
1) Always recommend to your patients for;
• Laser Assisted Hatching(LAH)
• Embryo glueing
• Endometrial scratching
All above improve implantation and pregnancy rates and should be offered as extra services at NO extra Costs. However they are generally omitted in almost all IVF centres unlike in repeated implantation failure (RIF) or when I advise the couples.

2) Not all IVF centers offer above services. Contacts us for information.
3) Where AMH levels are low(diminished/low ovarian reserve), you can recommend platelet rich plasma(PRP) for ovarian rejuvenation before making decision for egg donation program. Likewise for obstructive azoos***mia, recommended testicular s***m aspiration(TESA) before s***m donation program. We always try to give couples an opportunity to have their biological children.
4) Insurances and corporate covering IVF treatment in Kenya ; Department of Defence, Kenya seeds, Safaricom, KRA, GDC(Geothermal devt corp), Kenya pipeline, Kengen, NIS, TSC, KPLC,Safaricom,Bupa global, Aetna, Judiciary,Nairobi bottlers, TSC secretariat, Kenya seeds, First Assurance, KCB. Other local insurance companies require pre-authorization for IVF treatment.


FERTILITY SOLUTIONS KENYA
0736 024 638 / 0726 683 108
YOUR FERTILITY PARTNER
For Professional and high success rates IUI/IVF- ICSI-IMSI
Treatment with courtesy and compassion

13/02/2026

Major topics in In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) range from the clinical stages of the procedure to the complex medical and ethical factors that influence its success.
1. The IVF Process (Core Steps)
A standard IVF cycle typically takes 4–6 weeks and involves several distinct clinical stages:
• Ovarian Stimulation: Injectable hormone medications (such as FSH and LH) are used for 8–14 days to encourage the ovaries to produce multiple mature eggs instead of the usual one.
• Egg Retrieval: A minor surgical procedure performed under sedation where a needle, guided by ultrasound, is used to collect mature eggs from ovarian follicles.
• Fertilization: Eggs are combined with s***m in a laboratory. This can occur via Conventional Insemination (mixing in a dish) or ICSI (Intracytoplasmic S***m Injection), where a single s***m is injected directly into an egg.
• Embryo Culture: Fertilized eggs are grown for 2–6 days until they reach the blastocyst stage.
• Embryo Transfer: One or more embryos are placed into the uterus using a thin catheter.
2. Success Factors and Predictors
Success rates vary significantly based on individual biological and lifestyle factors:
• Age: The most critical factor; live birth rates are significantly higher for individuals under 35 (approx. 50%+) and decline sharply after age 40 (approx. 8% or lower).
• Ovarian Reserve: Measured by tests like AMH (Anti-Müllerian Hormone) levels and antral follicle counts to predict how well the body will respond to stimulation.
• Lifestyle Factors: Smoking, obesity (BMI >30), and excessive caffeine or alcohol intake can reduce success rates by up to 50%.
3. Medical Indications and Specialized Techniques
IVF is used to address various fertility challenges and family-building needs:
• Medical Conditions: Blocked fallopian tubes, endometriosis, polycystic o***y syndrome (PCOS), and male factor infertility (low s***m count/motility).
• Genetic Screening (PGT): Preimplantation Genetic Testing allows embryos to be screened for chromosomal abnormalities or specific inherited diseases (e.g., cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia) before transfer.
• Third-Party Reproduction: Use of donor eggs, donor s***m, or gestational carriers for individuals without a functional uterus or for LGBTQIA+ family building.

4. Risks and Side Effects
• Short-term Effects: Bloating, cramping, mood swings, and bruising at injection sites.
• Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS): A rare but serious complication where ovaries become swollen and painful due to over-response to medication.
• Pregnancy Risks: Increased likelihood of multiple births (if multiple embryos are transferred), premature delivery, and a slightly higher risk of certain birth defects.
5. Financial and Emotional Impact
• Cost: IVF is often expensive, with self-pay cycles frequently costing $15,000 to $30,000 including medications.
• Psychological Toll: The process is emotionally demanding; many clinics offer counseling to help patients manage the stress, anxiety, and potential for negative results.

OTHERS SERVICES

1. PGT (Pre-implantation genetic testing)
Pre-implantation genetic testing (PGT) is a specialized laboratory procedure performed on embryos created through In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) to identify genetic or chromosomal abnormalities before implantation. This allows physicians to select embryos with the highest health potential, reducing the risk of miscarriages, failed transfers, or the birth of a child with a serious genetic condition.
Three Main Types of PGT
Current clinical standards categorize PGT into three primary types:
• PGT-A (Aneuploidy Screening): Screens for an abnormal number of chromosomes (extra or missing), such as in Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21). It is often used for patients of advanced maternal age (over 35), those with recurrent miscarriages, or multiple failed IVF cycles.
• PGT-M (Monogenic/Single Gene Disorders): Specifically tests for inherited diseases caused by a single gene mutation, such as Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle Cell Anemia, Huntington’s Disease, or Spinal Muscular Atrophy.
• PGT-SR (Structural Rearrangements): Used when one or both parents have a balanced chromosomal rearrangement (like translocations or inversions), which increases the risk of producing embryos with unbalanced chromosomal material.

The Procedure
The process occurs within an IVF cycle and typically follows these steps:
1. Ovarian Stimulation and Egg Retrieval: Hormones stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs, which are then surgically retrieved.
2. Fertilization: Eggs are fertilized using IVF or ICSI (Intracytoplasmic S***m Injection).
3. Embryo Culture: Embryos are grown in the lab for 5–6 days until they reach the blastocyst stage (approx. 100–150 cells).
4. Embryo Biopsy: A highly trained embryologist removes a small number of cells (typically 5–10) from the trophectoderm, the outer layer that will form the placenta. The inner cell mass, which develops into the fetus, remains undisturbed.
5. Genetic Analysis and Freezing: While the embryos are frozen (vitrified), the removed cells are sent to a genetic laboratory for analysis (often using Next Generation Sequencing).
6. Transfer: Only embryos identified as healthy or unaffected are selected for transfer to the uterus in a subsequent frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycle.

Key Benefits and Risks
Benefits Risks and Limitations
Higher Success Rates: Improves clinical pregnancy rates per transfer, especially for older patients. Embryo Damage: A small risk (approx. 0.1%–5%) that the biopsy or freeze/thaw process could damage the embryo.
Reduced Miscarriage: Selection of chromosomally normal embryos significantly lowers the risk of early pregnancy loss. Inaccuracy/Mosaicism: Mosaic embryos (containing both normal and abnormal cells) can lead to false positives or negatives, potentially resulting in the discarding of viable embryos.
Disease Prevention: Prevents transmission of known family genetic disorders without needing a late-pregnancy termination. No Transfer: There is a risk that all embryos from a cycle may test abnormal, resulting in no embryo being available for transfer.
Single Embryo Transfer: Facilitates transferring only one healthy embryo, avoiding the risks of multiple pregnancies (twins/triplets).

Cost: PGT typically adds $3,000–$6,000+ to the cost of an IVF cycle and is often not covered by standard insurance.
Regulation and Ethics
• Medical Oversight: In the UK, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) strictly regulates which conditions are licensed for testing.
• Ethical Debate: Concerns exist regarding "designer babies" and the selection of non-medical traits like s*x, which is prohibited for "family balancing" in many regions, including the UK.
• Genetic Counseling: Professional genetic counseling is strongly recommended before proceeding to understand the statistics, limitations, and personal implications of the results

2. Egg and s***m donations in fertility treatments
Egg and s***m donation are key components of assisted reproductive technology (ART), allowing individuals and couples to achieve pregnancy when they cannot use their own genetic material due to medical or social reasons.
Core Processes in IVF Donation
• Egg Donation: A female donor undergoes ovarian stimulation with hormonal medications for approximately 10–14 days. Multiple mature eggs are then retrieved through a minor surgical procedure called transvaginal ultrasound aspiration under sedation.
• S***m Donation: A male donor provides a semen sample, usually through ej*******on at a clinic or bank. The sample is "washed" to concentrate healthy, motile s***m for fertilization.
• Double Donation: Involves using both a donor egg and donor s***m, meaning the child will have no genetic link to either intended parent.
• Fertilization & Transfer: In the lab, donor eggs are fertilized with s***m using standard IVF or Intracytoplasmic S***m Injection (ICSI), where a single s***m is injected into an egg. Resulting embryos are cultured for 3–6 days before one or two are transferred into the recipient's prepared uterus.
Who Benefits from Donation?
• Women: Those with low ovarian reserve, premature ovarian failure,premature ovarian insufficiency, advanced maternal age (typically over 40-42), or genetic disorders.
• Men: Those with severe male factor infertility (e.g., zero s***m count or poor quality).
• Social Reasons: Single women, same-s*x couples, and individuals using gestational surrogates.
Screening and Regulations
• Medical & Genetic Testing: Donors must undergo rigorous screening for infectious diseases (HIV, Hepatitis, STIs) and genetic conditions like cystic fibrosis.
• Psychological Counseling: This is often mandatory to ensure donors and recipients understand the emotional and ethical implications of third-party reproduction.
• Legal Protections: In most jurisdictions, donors have no legal rights or financial obligations to children born from their donation. Birth certificates typically name the intended parents as the legal parents.
Key Considerations
• Success Rates: Donation cycles generally have higher success rates (often 50–70% pregnancy rate per transfer) because they use high-quality gametes from young, healthy donors.
• Fresh vs. Frozen:
o Fresh: Requires synchronizing the donor’s and recipient’s menstrual cycles using hormonal medication.
o Frozen: Allows for more flexible timing and immediate start, as gametes are already stored in banks.
• Costs: These treatments are more expensive than standard IVF due to donor compensation and additional lab processing.
o Kenya: Approximately 150,000 – 200,000 KES for local donor egg IVF and approximately over Kes 500,000 for Caucasian donor egg.
o Also for international egg donors like south Sudanese, Ethiopian among others are equally expensive.
o More over, some local egg or s***ms donor are expensive especially somali or any other muslim donors which are considered Haram – forbidden in Islamic religion. In those exceptional cases the recipient is likely accompanied or look for his/her own donor.

3. Surrogacy services and laws governing
Surrogacy services and laws vary significantly by jurisdiction, ranging from well-regulated frameworks to "legal vacuums" where procedures rely on private contracts.
Surrogacy Laws by Region (2026 Status)
As of 2026, the global legal landscape for surrogacy is categorized into three main frameworks:
• Regulated & Inclusive (e.g., Kenya): In early 2025, implemented updated guidelines under the Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Bill.
o Limits: Surrogates are restricted to three lifetime pregnancies with a mandatory two-year recovery period between each.
o Rights: Intended parents (including singles and same-s*x couples) can seek surrogacy, though same-s*x couples often proceed as "single parents" due to broader cultural and legal nuances.
o Parentage: Intended parents must typically apply for a court order or adoption after birth to be recognized as legal parents.
• Altruistic Only (e.g., UK, India):
o United Kingdom: Governed by the Surrogacy Arrangements Act 1985 and Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008. Commercial surrogacy is illegal; only "reasonable expenses" are reimbursed (typically £10,000–£15,000).
o India: The Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 bans commercial surrogacy, allowing only altruistic arrangements for Indian married couples with a close relative as the surrogate.
• Varied State-Level (United States):
o Commercial Friendly: have clear statutes permitting compensated gestational surrogacy and allowing pre-birth parentage orders.
o Restrictive: have recently updated their laws (2024/2025) to provide clearer pathways but often maintain strict "Surrogate's Bill of Rights".

Essential Surrogacy Services
Most professional surrogacy journeys involve these core services provided by agencies or fertility clinics:
1. Screening & Matching: Comprehensive medical and psychological evaluations for both surrogates and intended parents.
2. Legal Counseling: Drafting binding surrogacy agreements that define parental rights, financial compensation, and medical responsibilities.
3. IVF & Medical Support: The medical process of creating embryos (using the intended parents' or donors' gametes) and transferring them to the surrogate's uterus.
4. Pregnancy Management: Routine prenatal care, psychological counseling, and logistical support through delivery.
5. Post-Birth Legalization: Navigating court orders (parental orders) or adoption processes to ensure the intended parents are the only ones on the child's birth certificate.

Key Costs and Requirements For Surrogacy Services
• Typical Costs (2026): Kenya
offers full programs for roughly Kes 3.5 million to Kes 5 Million , which is 60–80% cheaper than the U.S. or Europe. This cover for surrogates compensation and her upkeep, medicines , antenatal care and delivery, legal fees, embryos preservation and medical fees.
• Surrogate Eligibility: Most reputable programs require surrogates to be aged 21–40, have at least one child of their own, and pass rigorous infectious disease and psychological screenings.

Major Reasons behind doing IVF treatment
Male infertility often stems from s***m issues (count, motility, shape) or blockages, while female infertility frequently involves ovulation problems (PCOS, hormone imbalance), blocked fallopian tubes, endometriosis, or uterine issues; both s*xes are affected by age, weight, STIs, lifestyle (smoking, alcohol), and environmental factors, with underlying health conditions also playing a role.
Causes of Male Infertility
• S***m Problems: Low count, poor movement (motility), abnormal shape, or genetic issues.
• Blockages: Obstructions in the reproductive tract (e.g., from infection or injury) prevent s***m from reaching semen. Blockages in the tubes that transport s***m, which can be congenital or caused by injury or infection.
• Hormonal Issues: Imbalances affecting s***m production. Low testosterone (hypogonadism) or disorders of the pituitary gland.
• Varicocele: Enlarged veins in the sc***um that can affect s***m quality. Swollen veins in the sc***um that increase testicular temperature, harming s***m production.
• Infections: STIs (chlamydia, gonorrhea) or mumps.
• Environmental Factors: Exposure to heat, pesticides, heavy metals, or certain medicines.
• Lifestyle: Smoking, excessive alcohol, drug use, obesity, or being underweight.
• Retrograde Ej*******on: Semen enters the bladder during or**sm instead of emerging from the p***s.
• Genetic Factors: Inherited conditions like Klinefelter syndrome (an extra X chromosome) or cystic fibrosis.
Causes of Female Infertility
• Ovulation Disorders: Irregular or absent ovulation due to PCOS, thyroid issues, or high prolactin levels.
• Blocked Fallopian Tubes: Often from pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infections like chlamydia and gonorrhea, endometriosis, or surgery, preventing egg-s***m meeting.
• Endometriosis: Uterine tissue growing outside the uterus, causing scarring and inflammation.
• Uterine/Cervical Issues: Fibroids, polyps, or problems with cervical mucus.
• Age: Egg quality and quantity decline, especially after 37.
• Hormonal Imbalances: Affecting ovulation. Problems with the thyroid or pituitary glands that disrupt reproductive hormones.
• STIs: Chlamydia and gonorrhea can cause tubal damage.
• Lifestyle: Smoking, extreme weight (under/over), excessive exercise, alcohol.
• Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (POI): Early loss of eggs or ovarian function before age 40.

Shared Factors
• Age: Affects both s*xes, though more significantly for women.
• Body Weight: Both obesity and being underweight. This disrupt hormonal balance
• Lifestyle issues; Smoking & Alcohol: Negative impact on both partners' fertility.
• Cancer Treatments: Chemotherapy/radiation can impair fertility.
• Chronic Diseases: Diabetes, kidney disease, or untreated STIs
• Environmental Exposure: Prolonged exposure to high heat (e.g., hot tubs), pesticides, lead, or radiation

Footnotes

1) Always recommend to your patients for Laser Assisted Hatching(LAH) and
Embryo glueing as extra services at NO extra Costs, this is a secrets to increase the chances
of implantation and pregnancy rates.

2) Not all IVF centers offers above services. Contacts us for information.
3) Where AMH levels are low(diminished/low ovarian reserve), you can recommend platelet rich plasma(PRP) for ovarian rejuvenation before making decision for egg donation program. Likewise for obstructive azoos***mia, recommended testicular s***m aspiration(TESA) before s***m donation program. We always try to give couples an opportunity to have their biological children.
4) insurances and corporate covering IVF treatment in Kenya ; Department of Defence, Kenya seeds, Safaricom, KRA, GDC(Geothermal devt corp), Kenya pipeline, Kengen, NIS, TSC, KPLC,Safaricom,Bupa global, Aetna, Judiciary,Nairobi bottlers, TSC secretariat, Kenya seeds, First Assurance, KCB. Other local insurance companies require pre-authorization for IVF


FERTILITY SOLUTIONS KENYA
0736 024 638 / 0726 683 108
YOUR FERTILITY PARTNER
For Professional and high success rates IUI/IVF- ICSI-IMSI
Treatment with courtesy and compassion

Call now to connect with business.