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Health knowledge, #338, Street 1928, Phnom Penh Thmey, Sen Sok, Phnom Penh City, Phnom Penh (2026)

20/01/2026

🤕 Headache
A headache is pain or discomfort in the head, scalp, or neck. It can be temporary or chronic and range from mild to severe.

🧠 Types of Headache

1️⃣ Tension Headache 😖
Most common
Feels like pressure or tight band around the head
Causes:
Stress 😟
Poor posture 🪑
Eye strain 👀

2️⃣ Migraine 🤯
Severe throbbing pain (often one-sided)
Can last hours or days
Causes:
Hormonal changes ♀️
Lack of sleep 😴
Certain foods 🍫☕

3️⃣ Cluster Headache 🔥
Extremely painful
Around one eye 👁️
Causes:
Unknown
Linked to body’s biological clock ⏰

4️⃣ Sinus Headache 🌫️
Pain in forehead, cheeks, nose
Causes:
Sinus infection 🤧
Cold or allergy 🤧🌸

5️⃣ Secondary Headache ⚠️
Caused by another illness
Causes:
Fever 🤒
Head injury 🤕
High blood pressure ❤️

🚨 Symptoms of Headache
Head pain 🤕
Pressure or tightness 🧠
Nausea 🤢
Sensitivity to light 💡 or sound 🔊
Dizziness 😵

💊 Treatment of Headache
🏠 Home Care
Rest 😴
Drink water 💧
Cold or warm compress 🧊🔥
Reduce screen time 📱

💊 Medicines
Pain relievers (paracetamol, ibuprofen)
Doctor-prescribed migraine medicines 🩺

🛑 When to See a Doctor
Severe sudden headache ⚡
Headache with fever or vomiting 🤒🤢
After head injury 🚑
Frequent headaches 🔁

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20/01/2026

🧠 Stroke:

🔴 What is a Stroke?
A stroke is a medical emergency that occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, preventing brain tissue from receiving oxygen and nutrients. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die ⚠️.

🧩 Types of Stroke

1️⃣ Ischemic Stroke (≈85%) 🚫🩸
Occurs due to blockage of a blood vessel supplying the brain.
Caused by a blood clot (thrombus or embolus)
Often related to atherosclerosis, atrial fibrillation, or hypertension

2️⃣ Hemorrhagic Stroke 💥🩸
Occurs when a blood vessel ruptures in the brain.
Types:
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Common causes: uncontrolled hypertension, aneurysm, trauma

3️⃣ Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) ⏱️
Temporary blockage of blood flow
Symptoms resolve within 24 hours

⚠️ Warning sign of a future stroke

🚨 Signs and Symptoms (FAST)
🅕 Face drooping
🅐 Arm weakness
🅢 Speech difficulty
🅣 Time to call emergency services 🚑

Other symptoms include:
Sudden severe headache 🤕
Vision problems 👀
Dizziness or loss of balance ⚖️
Confusion or altered consciousness

🏥 Diagnosis
CT scan / MRI brain 🖥️
Blood tests 🧪
ECG & Echocardiography ❤️
Carotid Doppler ultrasound

💊 Treatment of Stroke

🔹 Acute Management (Emergency Phase)

Ischemic Stroke 🚫🩸
Thrombolytic therapy (tPA) within 4.5 hours ⏳
Mechanical thrombectomy (for large vessel occlusion)
Antiplatelets (Aspirin) after ruling out hemorrhage

Hemorrhagic Stroke 💥🩸
Control blood pressure 💉
Stop anticoagulants
Surgical intervention if indicated
Management of raised intracranial pressure 🧠⬆️

🛌 Supportive Care
Maintain airway, breathing, circulation (ABC) 💨❤️
Control blood sugar and temperature 🌡️
Prevent complications:
Aspiration pneumonia 🫁
Deep vein thrombosis 🦵
Pressure sores 🛏️

♻️ Long-Term Management & Rehabilitation

🏃 Rehabilitation
Physiotherapy – improve movement & strength
Speech therapy – manage aphasia 🗣️
Occupational therapy – daily activities 🧑‍🦽

🧾 Secondary Prevention

🩺 Medications
Antiplatelets (Aspirin, Clopidogrel)
Anticoagulants (for atrial fibrillation)
Antihypertensives 💊
Statins (cholesterol control)

🥗 Lifestyle Modifications
Healthy diet (low salt, low fat) 🥦
Regular exercise 🚶
Quit smoking 🚭
Limit alcohol 🍺❌
Control diabetes & hypertension

🛑 Complications
Paralysis or weakness
Speech and swallowing difficulty
Depression 😔
Cognitive impairment

🌟 Prognosis
Recovery depends on:
Type and severity of stroke
Early treatment ⏱️
Patient’s age and comorbidities

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20/01/2026

⭕️CBC⭕️

16/01/2026

Collection drug classification

15/01/2026

INTERVENTIONS FOR CRITICAL CLINICAL SIGNS 👇

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Hypocalcemia
(Chvostek’s & Trousseau’s Signs)

Monitor serum calcium levels
Place patient on cardiac monitoring
Administer calcium gluconate as prescribed
Assess for laryngospasm, seizures, tetany
Maintain seizure precautions
Educate patient on calcium/vitamin D intake
Neurological Involvement

(Babinski Sign)

Perform frequent neuro checks
Assess level of consciousness & motor strength
Monitor for increasing intracranial pressure
Ensure patient safety / fall precautions
Report abnormal findings immediately
Suspected Meningitis / SAH

(Kernig’s & Brudzinski’s Signs)

Initiate droplet precautions
Monitor vital signs & temperature
Prepare for lumbar puncture
Administer IV antibiotics/antivirals promptly
Monitor for signs of increased ICP
Provide pain & comfort measures
Appendicitis

(Rovsing’s Sign, McBurney’s Point)

Keep patient NPO
Monitor abdominal pain & guarding
Do NOT apply heat or laxatives
Prepare for surgical intervention
Monitor WBC count
Provide IV fluids and pain control
Abdominal/Internal Bleeding

(Cullen’s & Grey Turner’s Signs)

Assess for hypovolemia/shock
Monitor vital signs & hemoglobin
Maintain IV access (large bore)
Prepare for imaging & possible surgery
Strict intake & output
Report signs of worsening bleeding immediately
Acute Cholecystitis

(Murphy’s Sign)

Keep patient NPO
Administer IV fluids & antibiotics
Provide pain management
Monitor liver enzymes & bilirubin
Position patient for comfort
Prepare for possible cholecystectomy

KEY NURSING PRIORITIES
✔ Early recognition
✔ Rapid reporting
✔ Prevent complications
✔ Maintain patient safety

15/01/2026

អាហារដែលធ្វើឲ្យឡើងអាស៊ីតអ៊ុយរិច
ធ្វើឲ្យឈឺតាមសន្លាក់ដៃជើង
-សាច់ក្រហម (គោ ជ្រូក ចៀម...)
-អាហារសមុទ្រ
-ស្រា
-រុក្ខជាតិមួយចំនួន
Source from google
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23/12/2025

Acute Bronchiolitis :

Acute bronchiolitis is a common lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children (

15/12/2025

🔵 Nephrotic Syndrome – Key Extract

💧 Hyperproteinuria ≥3.5 g/day
🔻 Hypoalbuminemia → albumin lost in urine
🧈 Hyperlipidemia (↑atherosclerosis risk if chronic)
💦 Edema

⚠️ Complications → Hypercoagulable state (loss of AT-III, Protein C, S in urine)
📌 ⅓ due to systemic diseases (DM, SLE, Amyloidosis)
🧒 Children → Minimal Change Disease most common
🧑 Adults → FSGS most common

1️⃣ Minimal Change Disease (MCD)

⭐ Most common nephrotic syndrome in children
🎯 Sudden onset edema
🔬 Light microscopy → normal
🔎 EM → diffuse effacement of podocyte foot processes
💊 Steroid responsive → excellent prognosis

2️⃣ Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)

🔺 Most common nephrotic syndrome in adults (↑ African descent)
🩸 Causes → IV drug use, HIV, Sickle cell, Obesity
💉 Biopsy → focal sclerosis in glomerular tufts
💊 Treatment → Prednisone ± immunosuppressants
💊 ACEi/ARBs → ↓ proteinuria + control HTN

15/12/2025

📌 Understanding Veneral Diseases (STIs) — Quick Guide for Everyone

Veneral diseases, commonly called STIs, are infections you get through s*xual contact.
They don’t always show symptoms at the beginning, and that’s why many people spread them without knowing.

Common signs of STIs include:
• Unusual vaginal or pe**le discharge
• Burning when urinating
• Lower abdominal pain
• Ge***al sores, itching, or swelling
• Pain during s*x

Ignoring these signs can lead to serious complications like infertility, chronic pelvic pain, or infections spreading to other organs.

📌 What is ADAY KIT?

Aday Kit is a combination pack of medicines commonly used for managing certain mixed s*xually transmitted infections, especially when a patient shows multiple symptoms such as discharge + abdominal pain + burning sensation.

It usually contains:
• Azithromycin 1g
• Fluconazole 150mg
• Secnidazole 2g

This combination targets:
• Chlamydia
• Gonorrhoea
• Trichomoniasis
• Some fungal infections

It is often used when the exact organism is not known but the symptoms strongly point to an STI.

⚠️ Important Warning

ADAY Kit is not for self-medication.
Wrong use can lead to resistance, treatment failure, or worsening of symptoms.
Always get tested or speak with a pharmacist/health professional before using it.

📌 Key Takeaway

STIs are treatable, but many people hide or ignore symptoms out of shame.
Early treatment protects you and your partner.
If you notice discharge, pain, or sores don’t wait. Get checked.

01/12/2025

HYPOCALCEMIA:

Hypocalcemia means a serum calcium level below 8.5 mg/dL (2.1 mmol/L).
It can affect muscle contraction, nerve function, and heart rhythm.

🛑Normal Calcium Levels
• Total calcium: 8.5 – 10.5 mg/dL (2.1 – 2.6 mmol/L)
• Ionized calcium (active form): 1.1 – 1.3 mmol/L

🛑Causes of Hypocalcemia

1. Low Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
• Hypoparathyroidism (after thyroid/parathyroid surgery)
• Autoimmune destruction

2. Vitamin D Deficiency
• Poor dietary intake
• Lack of sunlight exposure
• Chronic kidney or liver disease (impaired activation)

3. Electrolyte Imbalances
• Hypomagnesemia (inhibits PTH release)
• Hyperphosphatemia (binds calcium)

4. Medications
• Loop diuretics (e.g., furosemide)
• Bisphosphonates
• Anticonvulsants
• Chemotherapy agents

5. Other Causes
• Acute pancreatitis
• Massive blood transfusion (citrate binds calcium)
• Sepsis

🛑Clinical Manifestations

Neuromuscular Symptoms
• Tingling/numbness around mouth, hands, feet
• Muscle cramps or twitching
• Tetany (sustained muscle contraction)
• Seizures

🛑Classic Signs
• 🖐 Trousseau’s sign: Carpal spasm when BP cuff inflated
• 😬 Chvostek’s sign: Facial twitch when tapping the facial nerve

Cardiac
• Prolonged QT interval on ECG
• Arrhythmias

Other
• Laryngospasm (airway obstruction risk)
• Bone pain (if chronic)

🛑Diagnosis
• Measure total and ionized calcium
• Check PTH, vitamin D, magnesium, phosphate, renal function
• ECG: Prolonged QT interval

🛑Treatment

1. Acute / Severe Hypocalcemia
• IV calcium gluconate (slow infusion)
• Monitor ECG continuously
• Correct magnesium if low

2. Mild / Chronic Hypocalcemia
• Oral calcium supplements (calcium carbonate or citrate)
• Vitamin D supplementation
• Treat underlying cause (e.g., hypoparathyroidism, kidney disease)

🛑Dietary Sources of Calcium
• Milk, cheese, yogurt
• Leafy greens (kale, broccoli)
• Almonds, sesame seeds
• Sardines, salmon (with bones)

🛑Nursing Considerations
• Monitor for signs of tetany and laryngospasm
• Administer calcium supplements with vitamin D
• Avoid rapid IV calcium (can cause cardiac arrest)
• Monitor ECG and electrolytes.See more..
🖼️👇🏻

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