MRI and CT Radiology

09/09/2025

Diagnosis typically involves imaging with MRI of the sella turcica with contrast, hormone level testing, and visual field evaluation. Treatment depends on tumor size, function, and symptoms; small nonfunctioning microadenomas may only require monitoring, prolactinomas are often treated medically with dopamine agonists, and most symptomatic or large adenomas require surgical removal, commonly via a transsphenoidal endoscopic approach. Radiation therapy may be considered for recurrent or inoperable cases.

06/09/2025

Autoload CT injector is mordern types of CT loading normal saline and contrast more safely without air bubbles.

01/09/2025

01/09/2025

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is a highly sensitive and specific imaging technique for detecting and evaluating brain strokes. It can identify ischemic stroke (caused by blockage of blood flow) and differentiate it from hemorrhagic stroke (caused by bleeding in the brain). MRI is particularly useful in the early diagnosis of ischemic stroke within the first few hours after onset, using sequences such as Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI) and Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC). These sequences detect early ischemic changes by showing areas of restricted water diffusion due to cytotoxic edema.

02/08/2025

30/07/2025

Liver Cirrhosis /HCC Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer, typically arising in the setting of chronic liver disease or cirrhosis.

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🔬 Etiology / Risk Factors
• Chronic hepatitis B or C infection
• Cirrhosis (alcoholic, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis)
• Aflatoxin exposure
• Hemochromatosis
• Wilson’s disease
• Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
• Metabolic syndrome / NAFLD

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📈 Clinical Features
• Often asymptomatic in early stages
• Right upper quadrant pain
• Weight loss, fatigue
• Jaundice (in advanced stages)
• Abdominal mass or hepatomegaly

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🧪 Laboratory Findings
• Elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
• Liver function tests may show:
• ↑ AST, ALT
• ↑ Bilirubin
• ↓ Albumin (in cirrhosis)

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🧲 Imaging Diagnosis

Multiphasic imaging is key:
• CT scan or MRI with contrast (arterial, portal venous, delayed phases)
• Typical pattern:
• Arterial phase hyperenhancement
• Washout in portal/delayed phase
• Capsule appearance

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🔍 Biopsy
• Not always needed if imaging is diagnostic
• Used when diagnosis is uncertain or imaging is atypical

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🎯 Treatment Options

Depends on tumor stage, liver function, and patient performance:
1. Surgical resection (in patients with good liver reserve)
2. Liver transplantation (especially in patients meeting Milan criteria)
3. Ablative therapies:
• Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)
• Microwave ablation
4. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE)
5. Systemic therapy:
• Sorafenib, Lenvatinib (TKIs)
• Immunotherapy (Atezolizumab + Bevacizumab)
6. Radiotherapy (select cases)

21/07/2025

Spinal-cord

20/07/2025

A stroke is a medical emergency that occurs when the blood flow to a part of the brain is interrupted or blocked, or when a blood vessel in the brain bursts. This disruption stops brain cells from receiving the oxygen and nutrients they need, causing them to die within minutes, which can lead to lasting brain damage, disability, or even death.

There are two main types of stroke:

Ischemic stroke: caused by a blood clot or fatty deposits blocking a blood vessel in the brain; this is the most common type and accounts for about 80-87% of all strokes.

Hemorrhagic stroke: caused by a burst blood vessel, leading to bleeding in or around the brain and increased pressure that damages brain tissue.

A related condition is a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or "mini-stroke," where blood flow is temporarily blocked, causing stroke-like symptoms that resolve within 24 hours without permanent damage.

Strokes can affect various body functions controlled by the brain, including movement, speech, memory, and emotional control. Quick treatment is critical to reduce brain damage and improve recovery chances.

19/07/2025

CT Abdomen for AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm) is one of the most effective imaging modalities used to diagnose, monitor, and pre-operatively assess an abdominal aortic aneurysm.

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🔍 Purpose of CT Abdomen in AAA Evaluation
1. Detection: Identify presence of aneurysm (usually >3 cm in diameter).
2. Measurement: Accurately measure the size, length, and shape of the aneurysm.
3. Rupture Risk Assessment: Evaluate for signs of rupture (e.g., retroperitoneal hematoma).
4. Surgical Planning: Determine anatomy for open repair or endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR).
5. Follow-up: Monitor known AAA for changes in size over time.

17/06/2025

Celebrating my 7th year on Facebook. Thank you for your continuing support. I could never have made it without you. 🙏🤗🎉

17/06/2025

nerve

MRI of the brain for cranial nerve evaluation is used to assess abnormalities affecting the cranial nerves and their related structures. It provides high-resolution images that help in diagnosing a wide range of neurological and systemic conditions.

🔍 Clinical Uses of MRI Brain for Cranial Nerve Evaluation:
1. Cranial Nerve Palsies
• Identifying the cause of isolated or multiple cranial nerve dysfunctions (e.g., facial droop, diplopia, hearing loss).
2. Neurovascular Compression Syndromes
• Example: Trigeminal neuralgia, hemifacial spasm, where a vessel compresses a cranial nerve.
• MRI with high-resolution sequences (e.g., FIESTA, CISS) is especially useful.
3. Tumors and Masses
• Acoustic neuroma (vestibular schwannoma) — affects CN VIII
• Meningioma, schwannoma, glioma — can involve various cranial nerves.
• Perineural tumor spread, especially in head and neck cancers.
4. Inflammation and Infection
• Optic neuritis (CN II)
• Bell’s palsy (idiopathic facial nerve inflammation)
• Viral infections like herpes zoster (Ramsay Hunt Syndrome).
5. Congenital Abnormalities
• Hypoplasia or aplasia of cranial nerves (e.g., congenital facial palsy, Moebius syndrome).
6. Multiple Sclerosis and Demyelinating Diseases
• Demyelination involving optic nerves (CN II) or brainstem affecting other cranial nerves.
7. Trauma
• Evaluation of cranial nerve injury in traumatic brain injury, especially for CN I, II, III, IV, VI, and VII.
8. Aneurysms and Vascular Malformations
• Aneurysms near the cranial nerve course (e.g., posterior communicating artery aneurysm compressing CN III).

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🧠 MRI Sequences Commonly Used:
• T1-weighted and T2-weighted images
• FLAIR — for detecting lesions like MS plaques.
• DWI — for acute infarcts or infection.
• Post-contrast T1 — to evaluate for enhancement in tumors, inflammation, or infections.
• High-resolution 3D sequences (e.g., CISS/FIESTA) — ideal for visualizing small structures like cranial nerves.

MRI Brain and Cranial Nerve
https://youtu.be/hKFcFUjT7Ew

25/04/2025

lumbar MRI can detect a wide range of conditions affecting the lower spine and surrounding tissues, including:

👉Herniated or bulging discs

👉👉Degeneration of vertebral joints and discs

👉Spinal stenosis (narrowing of the spinal canal causing nerve compression)

👉Spondylolisthesis (vertebra slipping out of place)

👉Compression or inflammation of spinal cord and nerves

👉Spinal tumors (benign or malignant)

👉Infections or abscesses in the spine

👉Fractures or traumatic injuries

👉Congenital or developmental spinal abnormalities

👉Inflammatory conditions like ankylosing spondylitis

👉Conditions causing sciatica or nerve root irritation

👉Spinal cord diseases such as multiple sclerosis

👉Structural abnormalities affecting spinal alignment