Medi Clini Lab Pharmaco Guide

31/07/2025

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24/07/2025

FELON ABCESS
Did you know that Bacterial whitlow, is also known as a felon ☹️

- It is a painful infection of the fingertip's soft tissue, typically caused by bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus.

Whitlow can be:
- Viral Whitlow: Herpetic Whitlow

- Fungal Whitlow: Candidal Paronychia (or Fungal Paronychia)

- Bacterial Whitlow: Felon

Let’s focus on Felon

🔑- The symptoms include:

severe pain, swelling and redness of the fingertip, pus-filled abscess formation and warmth in the affected area

🔑 Felon may be caused by
- Minor cuts or puncture wounds on the fingertip
- Nail-biting or picking
- Splinters
- Existing skin infections
- Poor hand hygiene

🔑To treat it:

- Antibiotics: Oral or topical antibiotics

- Incision and Drainage: In severe cases, a minor surgical procedure may be needed to drain the abscess

- Pain Relief: Over-the-counter pain relievers can help manage pain

Don’t do any at home dear

🔑 When it happens at home, do this:

- Keep the affected finger elevated to reduce swelling.

- Apply warm compresses to alleviate pain and promote drainage.

- Keep the area clean and covered with a sterile bandage.

🔑 Do this to prevent Felon

- Practice good hand hygiene

- Avoid biting your nails and picking at the skin around your nails.

- Treat minor cuts and injuries quickly to prevent infection.

- Wear protective gloves when handling sharp objects or chemicals.

🔑 If left untreated it could:

Spread to other parts of your hand, cause bone infection (osteomyelitis), cause permanent damage to the fingertip, or worse, sepsis

🙏🏼 My goal of sharing this is this:

If you experience whitlow, you cannot tell if it’s viral, fungal or bacterial. So don’t self-diagnose, and self-medicate.

Go to the clinic

23/07/2025

https://www.facebook.com/MedicalstudentsOfficial

YouTube: MTCLScientist
Riphah International (RIU)🎓
Islamabad Diagnostic Centre (Present)
Quaid-e-Azam International Hospital (2024-2025)
Health Ways Laboratories (2024-2025)
PMDH Rawalpindi (2023-2024)
IIMCT Pakistan Railway General Hospital
(2021-2023)

17/07/2025

FOOD HANDLERS TEST

There’s something known as FOOD HANDLERS TEST.

This is a health screening to ensure that all food service staff are medically fit to handle and serve food safely.

I didn’t know this test existed until NYSC.

One day, my PPA picked a few of us corps members and said,
“You’ll be part of the team doing Food Handlers Test for all the staff at Domino’s Pizza, Okpanam Road, Asaba.”

It turned out to be a beautiful and enriching experience.

We took urine samples.
We took blood samples.
We even examined stool samples.

Every single staff member was screened one after the other.

Here are some of the tests we conducted:

📌 Widal Test: To screen for typhoid fever.
📌 HIV Screening: As part of general health status checks.
📌 Urine Microscopy: To detect infections in the urinary tract.
📌 Stool Microscopy & Macroscopy: To identify intestinal parasites or signs of infections.
📌 Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) Test: To screen for Tuberculosis (TB).
📌 Hepatitis A, B, & C Screening: To rule out these liver infections, which can be transmitted through food.

These tests help ensure that food handlers are not carriers of communicable diseases that could pose risks to public health.

If you run a Medical Laboratory, this is a service you can offer.

✅ Package it as Food Handlers Screening.
✅ Target eateries, restaurants, and food vendors.
✅ Partner with event planners, fast food outlets, and caterers
✅ Run it as a mobile or in-lab service

They need it.
Most don’t even know it exists.
And you can be the one to bring the solution to their doorstep.

My name is Favour C. Joshua
iDesign || iDiagnose || iDeliver

17/07/2025

ESR (Erythrocytes Sedimentation Rate)ELEVATED LEVELS
ESR High causes

# # # Causes of High ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)

A high ESR is a non-specific indicator of inflammation or other medical conditions in the body. It does not point to a particular disease but suggests that further investigation is necessary.

# # # # Common Causes of Elevated ESR

- **Infections**
- Bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infections (e.g., tuberculosis, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, systemic infections, bone or skin infections)[1][5][6].

- **Inflammatory and Autoimmune Disorders**
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
- Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
- Polymyalgia rheumatica
- Vasculitis (e.g., temporal arteritis, giant cell arteritis)
- Allergic or necrotizing vasculitis[1][3][5].

- **Chronic Diseases**
- Chronic kidney disease
- Heart disease (including myocarditis, pericarditis, endocarditis)
- Thyroid disease
- Diabetes[1][2][3][5].

- **Cancer**
- Lymphoma, multiple myeloma
- Other malignancies[1][3][5].

- **Tissue Injury or Damage**
- Trauma, surgery, or ischemia (lack of blood supply to tissue)[1][5][6].

- **Blood and Vascular Disorders**
- Anemia
- Hyperfibrinogenemia
- Macroglobulinemia[1][3][4].

- **Other Contributing Factors**
- Obesity
- Pregnancy (physiological change)[1][2][5]
- Advancing age or menstrual cycle (can cause slight, temporary increases)[9]

# # # # Summary Table of Causes

| Category | Examples / Notes |
|----------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Infections | Tuberculosis, pneumonia, systemic or bone infections, rheumatic fever |
| Inflammatory/Autoimmune | Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, IBD, vasculitis, polymyalgia rheumatica |
| Chronic Di

17/07/2025

FOOD HANDLERS AND CATERERS
LAB TESTS CAN BE DONE.
0715222515.
KURANA. NEGOMBO
Who Needs a Food Handlers Test?

Anyone who handles food for the public must take the Food Handlers Test. This includes:

Cooks and kitchen staff

Street food vendors

Restaurant and café workers

Bakers and food factory staff

Supermarket and canteen workers

FOOD HANDLERS TEST

There’s something known as FOOD HANDLERS TEST.

This is a health screening to ensure that all food service staff are medically fit to handle and serve food safely.

I didn’t know this test existed until NYSC.

One day, my PPA picked a few of us corps members and said,
“You’ll be part of the team doing Food Handlers Test for all the staff at Domino’s Pizza, Okpanam Road, Asaba.”

It turned out to be a beautiful and enriching experience.

We took urine samples.
We took blood samples.
We even examined stool samples.

Every single staff member was screened one after the other.

Here are some of the tests we conducted:

📌 Widal Test: To screen for typhoid fever.
📌 HIV Screening: As part of general health status checks.
📌 Urine Microscopy: To detect infections in the urinary tract.
📌 Stool Microscopy & Macroscopy: To identify intestinal parasites or signs of infections.
📌 Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) Test: To screen for Tuberculosis (TB).
📌 Hepatitis A, B, & C Screening: To rule out these liver infections, which can be transmitted through food.

These tests help ensure that food handlers are not carriers of communicable diseases that could pose risks to public health.

If you run a Medical Laboratory, this is a service you can offer.

✅ Package it as Food Handlers Screening.
✅ Target eateries, restaurants, and food vendors.
✅ Partner with event planners, fast food outlets, and caterers
✅ Run it as a mobile or in-lab service

They need it.
Most don’t even know it exists.
And you can be the one to bring the solution to their doorstep.

My name is Favour C. Joshua
iDesign || iDiagnose || iDeliver

13/07/2025

CYSTIC FIBROSIS
CAUSES AND SYMPTOMS
cystic fibrosis

**Cystic fibrosis (CF)** is a genetic disorder inherited in an autosomal recessive manner that primarily affects the lungs, pancreas, and other organs by causing the production of thick, sticky mucus. This abnormal mucus clogs airways and ducts, leading to chronic lung infections, inflammation, and damage, as well as digestive problems due to blocked pancreatic enzyme release[1][2][3].

CF is caused by mutations in the *CFTR* gene, which encodes the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein. This protein normally regulates chloride and water movement across cell membranes, keeping mucus thin and slippery. When CFTR is defective, mucus becomes thick and sticky, impairing organ function[1][2][6].

**Key effects of cystic fibrosis include:**

- **Lungs:** Mucus buildup causes airway obstruction, recurrent infections, inflammation, and respiratory failure.
- **Pancreas:** Blocked enzyme release leads to malnutrition and poor growth.
- **Liver:** Thick mucus can block bile ducts, causing liver disease.
- **Reproductive system:** Most males with CF are infertile due to blocked or absent vas deferens.
- **Other symptoms:** Sinus infections, salty-tasting skin, clubbing of fingers and toes, and gastrointestinal issues like constipation and bowel obstruction[1][2][5][6].

Diagnosis is typically made by a sweat chloride test and genetic testing. Newborn screening is common in many countries[1][5].

While there is no cure, advances in treatments have improved life expectancy significantly, with many people living into their 30s, 40s, and beyond, managing symptoms with airway clearance techniques, medications, and nutritional support[2][4][7].

In summary, cystic fibrosis is a complex, inherited disease that disrupts mucus regulation, leading to multi-organ complications, primarily affecting respiratory and digestive systems. Early diagnosis and comprehensive care are crucial for improving outcomes.

Citatio

12/07/2025

STENT :,ANGIOANGIOPLASTY
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12/07/2025

ANA TEST (ANTINUCLER ANTIBODY TEST)
How can I interpret my ANA test result in relation to symptoms

To interpret your **ANA test result in relation to your symptoms**, consider the following key points:

- **ANA test alone cannot diagnose a disease.** A positive ANA means antinuclear antibodies are present, but this can occur in healthy people, especially women over 65, or due to infections, medications, or other conditions[1][7].

- **Symptoms are crucial for interpretation.** A positive ANA is more meaningful if you have symptoms typical of autoimmune diseases such as:
- Skin rashes (e.g., lupus rash)
- Inflammatory arthritis (joint pain and swelling)
- Oral or nasal ulcers
- Hair loss (alopecia)
- Cytopenias (low blood counts)
- Skin tightening or Raynaud’s phenomenon[2][6].

- **If you have relevant symptoms, your doctor may order further specific antibody tests** (like anti-dsDNA, anti-Sm) and other investigations to confirm or rule out diseases such as lupus, Sjögren’s syndrome, or scleroderma[1][2][4].

- **If you have a positive ANA but no symptoms, this often does not require further testing or referral.** Many healthy individuals have positive ANA without autoimmune disease, and unnecessary testing can cause anxiety and increased healthcare costs[2].

- **Negative ANA test with symptoms:** While a negative ANA makes lupus and some other autoimmune diseases less likely, it does not completely exclude all autoimmune conditions, so clinical judgment is important[6].

In summary, **interpret your ANA result alongside your symptoms and clinical findings**. A positive ANA with typical autoimmune symptoms warrants further evaluation, while a positive ANA without symptoms usually does not. Discuss your specific symptoms and test results with your healthcare provider for accurate diagnosis and management[1][2][6].

Citations:
[1] ANA (Antinuclear Antibody) Test: MedlinePlus Medical Test https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/ana-antinuclear-antibody-test/
[2] Decoding the ANA: A Guide to ANA Testing - UNC School of Medicine https://www.med.unc.edu/medicine/rheumatology-allergy-immunology/patient-care/rheumatology-clinical-care/decoding-the-ana-a-guide-to-ana-testing/
[3] Antinuclear Antibody Test (ANA Test) - Cleveland Clinic https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/14897-antinuclear-antibody-test-in-children
[4] Antinuclear Antibody: Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection ... https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2086616-overview
[5] Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) Test - Testing.com https://www.testing.com/tests/antinuclear-antibody-ana/
[6] Antinuclear antibody test - RACGP https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2013/october/antinuclear-antibody-test
[7] Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA) Test - WebMD https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-an-antinuclear-antibody-test
[8] ANA test - Mayo Clinic https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/ana-test/about/pac-20385204
[9] Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA) - American College of Rheumatology https://rheumatology.org/patients/antinuclear-antibodies-ana
[10] Antinuclear antibody panel Information | Mount Sinai - New York https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/tests/antinuclear-antibody-panel

12/07/2025

ANTI NEUCLEAR ANTIBODY TESTS. (ANA)
anti nuclear antibody

**Antinuclear antibodies (ANA)** are autoantibodies that target substances within the nucleus of your cells. Normally, your immune system makes antibodies to fight infections, but in some autoimmune diseases, it mistakenly produces ANAs that attack your own healthy cells[1][2][5].

# # # What is an ANA test?
- A blood test that detects the presence of antinuclear antibodies in your serum.
- Used primarily to help diagnose autoimmune disorders such as:
- Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Scleroderma
- Sjögren’s syndrome
- Autoimmune hepatitis
- Thyroid diseases, among others[1][2][3][5].

# # # Interpretation of results:
- A **positive ANA test** means ANAs are present but does *not* confirm an autoimmune disease by itself. Many healthy people, especially older adults, can have a positive ANA without illness.
- A **negative ANA test** can help exclude diseases like lupus since over 95% of lupus patients test positive[2][3][5].
- The test results are often reported as a titer (e.g., 1:160). Titers of 1:160 or higher are more clinically significant but can still be found in some healthy individuals[2][5].
- Different patterns of ANA staining (homogeneous, speckled, nucleolar, centromere) can suggest different autoimmune diseases[4][6].

# # # Clinical use:
- ANA testing is a screening tool. If positive, more specific antibody tests (like anti-dsDNA, anti-Sm, anti-Ro, anti-La) may be done to pinpoint the exact autoimmune condition[4][6].
- It helps doctors decide if further evaluation for autoimmune diseases is warranted based on symptoms and clinical history[2][3].

In summary, the ANA test is a valuable marker in diagnosing autoimmune diseases but must be interpreted carefully alongside clinical findings and other tests[1][2][3][5].

Citations:
[1] ANA (Antinuclear Antibody) Test: MedlinePlus Medical Test https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/ana-antinuclear-antibody-test/
[2] Antinuclear

An antinuclear antibody test checks to see if you have an autoimmune disorder, a condition where your immune system attacks your healthy cells. Learn more.

04/07/2025

CORTISOL LOW LEVEL SYMPTOMS
low cortisol levels symptoms

**Low cortisol levels**, often due to adrenal insufficiency or Addison's disease, can cause a range of symptoms that develop gradually and may be overlooked initially. The key symptoms include:

- **Chronic fatigue and extreme tiredness**
- **Muscle weakness**
- **Loss of appetite and unintentional weight loss**
- **Abdominal pain**
- **Dizziness or fainting, especially when standing up (due to low blood pressure)**
- **Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea**
- **Salt cravings** (due to aldosterone deficiency)
- **Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia)**
- **Mood changes** such as irritability, depression, or apathy
- **Darkening of the skin** in primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s disease), especially on scars, skin folds, pressure points, lips, and mucous membranes
- **Irregular or absent menstrual periods in women**
- **Loss of interest in s*x**

If untreated, symptoms can worsen to severe abdominal pain, kidney failure, shock, or adrenal crisis, which is life-threatening. Because symptoms overlap with other conditions, medical evaluation and hormone testing are essential for diagnosis and treatment[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8].

Treatment typically involves hormone replacement therapy to normalize cortisol levels and manage symptoms effectively.

Citations:
[1] Symptoms & Causes of Adrenal Insufficiency & Addison's Disease https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/adrenal-insufficiency-addisons-disease/symptoms-causes
[2] Addison's disease - NHS https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/addisons-disease/
[3] Addison's disease - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/addisons-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350293
[4] Cortisol: What It Is, Function, Symptoms & Levels - Cleveland Clinic https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22187-cortisol
[5] Low Cortisol Levels: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment - Tua Saúde https://www.tuasaude.com/en/low-cortis

Learn about the symptoms, such as fatigue and weight loss, and causes of adrenal insufficiency. Different types of adrenal insufficiency have different causes.