20/10/2023
Medical Terminology (ဆီးဝါးပညာရပ်နန့် ဆိုင်သော ဝေါဟာရများ)
Lesson - 1
Three word parts
1. Beginning = Prefix (Descripation: Number, amount, size, location, colour, etc...)
2. Middle = Root (Subject: Relating to a part of the body)
3. Ending = Suffix (Condition: Pertaining to a process, amount, location, etc…)
Prefix – Size, amount
1. Macro = large
2. Micro = small
3. Hyper = High
4. Hypo = Low, decreased
5. Eu/normo = Normal
6. Pan-/Omni = All
7. A-/An- = Absent, Lacking
8. Megalo = Larger
Location
1. Epi/ Peri/ Circum = Around
2. Endo/ Intra = Inside - inner – interior
3. Exo/ Extra = Ouside, outer, exterior
4. Inter = Between
5. Trans = Across
6. Dia/ Per = Throug/ complete
7. Media/o = Middle
8. Para = Near by
9. Juxta = Next to, beside, adjacent
Numberical/ Speed
1. Mono = Single
2. Di = Two/ double
3. Tri = Three/ triple
4. Quad = Four/ quadruple
5. Poly = Many/ a lot
6. Oligo = Few/ very little
Speed
1. Tachy = Rapid, fast
2. Brady = Brach, slow
Movement
1. Ab = Away
2. Ad = Toward
3. Dis = To separate
Colours
1. Chromo/ Chromato = Colour
2. Leuko = white
3. Erythro = Red
4. Cyano = Blue
5. Chloro = Green
6. Melon = Black
7. Flav = Yellow
Body
1. Homeo = Body
2. Cephalo = Head
3. Cerv = Neck
4. Throaco = Chest
5. Abdomino = Abdominal
6. Pelvo/I = Pelvic
7. Periton = Peritoneum
8. Derm = Skin/ Dermis
9. Neuro = Nerve
10. Hemo = Blood
11. Arterio-/ Angio = Arteries
12. Veno- / Vena = Venous
13. Musculo = Muscle
14. Vasculo = Vascula
15. Myo- / Sarco = Muscle
16. Osteo = Bone
17. Skelet- = Skeleton, Bone
18. Cyto- = Cell
19. Cyte = Cell cellular
Neck and Thoracic
1. Thyro = Thyroid
2. Tracheo = Trachea
3. Esophago = Esophagus
4. Thymo- = Thymus
5. Masto- / Mammo- = Mammary gland
6. Pulmo- / Pneumo- = Lung
Abdominal Organs
1. Gastro- = Stomach
2. Hepato- = Liver
3. Cholecyto- = Gallbladder
4. Spleno- = Spleen
5. Pancreto- = Pancreas
6. Adreno- = Adrenal gland
7. Nephro- = Kidney
8. Entro- = Intetines
9. Colo- = Colon/ Large intestine
Suffixes
1. –ology = Study of
2. –phillia = Love of
3. –phobia = Fear of
4. –tension = Pressure
5. –xia = Oxygen
6. –capnea = Carbon dioxide
7. –pnea = Air
8. –ase = Enzyme
Lesson – 2 The Terminology
The basic conditions and process
Processes
1. Dys- = Problem, abnormal
2. Mal- = Bad
3. –itis = Inflammation
4. –plasia = Process of growth growing
5. –plasm = Growth, Formation
6. –oma = Tumor
7. –trophy = Growth, typically involving cellular growth
8. –pathy = Disease
9. –osis = Condition (abnormal)
10. –ia = Abnormal condition
11. –ism = State
12. –ic/ cal = Pertaining to related to some process
13. –iasis = Abnormal
More process
1. Meta- = Change: transformation
2. –stasis / -static = Maintenance of 'normal' conditions
3. –dynamic = Changing (continually
4. –lytic / -lysis = Destuction
5. –megaly = Enlarged
6. –penia = Decreased below or lower
7. –emia = Relating to a blood condition
Suffixes – Medical Procedures
1. –ectomy = Excision removal
2. –otomy = Incision cutting
3. –ostomy = To make a hole
4. –scopy = To wiew
5. –graph (y) = Process of recording
6. –gram = Recording
7. –plasty = Surgical repair
8. –therapy = Treatment
The Basics lesson – 3
Condition Modifires
1. Anti- = opposed to, counteracting relieving
2. Pro- = Before, proceeding, precursor: including, promoting
Locations
1. Centri- = Center
Cellular Modifires
1. Fibro- = Fiber
2. Thrombo- = Clot
3. –blast = Progenitor cell, stem cell, formative cell
4. Blast- = Grem cell
5. –clast = Asorbing (degrative) cell
6. –phag (o/ia) = To eat: toconsame or ingest
7. –dips(o/ia) = To drink
8. –Pepsis = Digestion
9. –emesis = Vomiting
10. –uria = urination
11. Sterco- = Denoting f***s
12. –ptosis = Lowered position of a orgam
13. Pyo- = Pus
14. Pyr- = Relating to fever (heat)
Process Modifiers - 1
1. Noso- = Denoting disease
2. Chron (o/ia) = Denoting time
3. Noct (i)- = Night (or) Dark
4. Latro- = Medicine (or) doctors
5. Steno- = Narrowing
6. Therm (o)- = Heat / Temperature
7. Psychro- = Denoting cold
8. Noci- = denoting pain or injury
9. Herni (o)- = Hernia
Process Modifiers – 2
1. Necro- = Death
2. –praria = Motor activity
3. –taxia = Relating to motor activity
4. –lexia = Condition involving reading
5. –lalia / -logia = Condition involving speech
6. –olgesia = Denoting pain
7. –olgia = Denoting pain
8. –genic = Producing
9. –genesis = Origin or development
Indicators / Markers
1. Hydro- = Water
2. Cholosterol- = Cholesterol
3. Lipid- = Lipid / fats
4. Hemoglobin(o)- = Hemoglobin
5. Glyc (o)- = Glucose sugar
6. Fruct(o)- = Fructose
7. Galact(o)- = Galactose
8. Steato- Fat: fatty tissue
9. Natre- / - natre = Sodium
10. Kal- / - kal = Potassium
11. Calci- = Calcium
12. Chlor- = Chlorine
13. Chlo(e) = Bile
Modifiers
Anatomy and Physiology
1. Histo- Tissue
2. Hidr(o)- = Sweating
3. Hema- / Hemo- / Hemato- = Blood
4. Halit- = Brath
5. Propio- = Pressure touch
Others
1. Ger- / Gero- / Geronto- = Old age
2. –lith = Stone
3. –cide = Killer or killing
4. –ceptor = Receptor / Senosor
Examples -
Polyphagia
- Poly- = Many; a lot
- Phagia = To eat / consume
- Excessive eating
Dyspepsia
- Dys- = Problem; abnormal
- Pepsia = Digestion
- Indigestion; Disordered digestion
Cholemesis
- Chol- = Bile
- Emesis = Vomiting
- Vomiting of bile
Hypercalciuria
- Hyper- = Above normal; high
- -calci- = Calcium
- Uria = Urination
- Above normal level of calcium in the urine
Nephrolithiasis
- Nephro- = Kidney
- -lith = stone
- Iasis = Condition (abnormal)
Arthralgia
- Arthr- = Joint
- Algia = Pain
- Joint pain
Lessons – 4 (Anatomical Terms)
Head and Neck Anatomy – 1
1 Cephal(o)- = Head
2 Facio- = Face
3 Crani(o)- = Skull
4 Trich(o)- = Hair
5 Stoma- / Linguo- = Tongue
6 Labio- / Cheilo- = Lips
7 Dent- / Odont(o)- =Teeth
8 Gingivo- = Gums
9 Rhino- / Naso- = Nose
10 Buccal = Cheek
11 Geni(o)- / Mento- = Chin
12 Mandibulo- = Mandible
13 Maxillo- = Maxilla
Head and Neck Anatomy – 2
1. Sialadeno- = Salivary gland
2. Trache(o)- = Trachea
3. Laryngo- = Larynx
4. Pharyngo- = Throat
5. Thyro- = Thyroid gland
6. Epiglott(i)- = Epiglottis
7. Oto- = Ear
8. Myringo- / Tympano- = Eardrum / Tympanic membrane
9. Cochleo- = Cochlea
10. Mastoido- = Mastoid Process
Eye Anatomy
1. Opto- / Optho- / Oculo- = Eye
2. Pupillo- = Pupil
3. Blepharo- / Palpebro- = Eyelid
4. Conjuctiv(o)- = Conjunctiva
5. Ophryo- = Eyebrow
6. Retin(o/i) = Retina
7. Kerat(o)- = Cornea
8. Irid(o)- = Iris
9. Hyal(o)- = Vitreous Humor of Eye
10. Dacryoaden(o)- = Lacrimal / Tear Galnd
Digestive System – 1
1. Celi(o)- / Laparo- = Abdomen or Belly
2. Gastro- = Stomach
3. Pyloro- = Pyloric spincter
4. Cholecyst- = Gallbledder
5. Choledocho- = Common Bile Duct
6. Chol(e/o)- / Bile- = Bile
7. Cholangio- = Bile Duct
8. Entero- = Intestines
9. Pancreato- = Pancreas
Digestive System – 2
1. Duodeno- = Duodenum (First Section of Small Intestine
2. Jejumi- = Jejunum- = Jejunum (Second Section of Small Intestine)
3. Ileo- = Ileum (Third Section of Small Intestine)
4. Appendo- / Appendico- =Appendix
5. Ceco- / Typhlo- = Cecum
6. Col(o)- / Colono- = Large Intestine /Colon
7. Sigmoido- = Sigmoid Colon
8. Ano- /Proct(o)- = A**s or Re**um
Lesson -5 (Anatomical Terms – 2)
Musculoskeletal System – 1
1. Arthr(o)- = Joint
2. Condyl- / -condyl- = Condyles
3. Chondro- = Cartilage
4. Osteo- = Bone
5. Musculo- / Myo- / Myoso- = Muscle
6. Om(o)- = shoulder
7. Scapulo- = Scapula/ Shoulder Blade
8. Acromio- = Acromion of Scapula
9. Axillo- = Axilla (Arm pit)
10. Brachio- Arm
11. Humero- = Humerus
12. Gleno- = Glenoid Cavity / Fossa
13. Olecrano- = Elbow (Olecranon)
14. Cubito- = Elbow / Forearm
Musculoskeletal System – 2
1. Cervic(o)- = Cervical vertebrae
2. Spino- /Rachi(o)- = Spine
3. Myelo- = Spinal cord
4. Spondylo- / Vertabrae
5. Sterno- = Sternum
6. Cleid(o)- / Calviculo- = Clavicle
7. Cost(o)- = Ribs
8. Cox(o)- = Hip
9. Acetabulo- = Acetabulum
10. Ischi(o)- = Ischium
11. Ili(o)- = Ilium
12. Pubo- P***c
13. Sacro- = Sacrum
14. Coccy-/ Coccyg-/ Coccygo- = Coccyx
15. Crur- = Leg
16. Femur(o)- = Femur
Hand and Foot Anatomy
1. Chir(o)-/ Cheiro- = Hand
2. Onych(o)- = Nail(s)
3. Phalang(o)-/ Dactyl(y/o) = Phalanges/ Digits
4. Carp(o)- = Wrist (carpal Bones)
5. Metacarp- = Metacarpals (Hand Bones)
6. Podo- = Foot
7. Tars(o)- = Ankle (Tarsal Bones)
8. Metatars- = Metatarsals (Foot Bones)
Female Reproductive Anatomy
1. Salpingo- = Fallopian Tubes/ Oviducts
2. Ovari(o)- / Oophori- = O***y
3. Ovo-/ Ovi/ Oo- = Egg/ O**m
4. Episi(o)- = V***a
5. Colpo-/ Vagin(o)- = Va**na
6. Cervic(o)- = Cervic of uterus
7. Hyster(o)-/ Metrio- = Uterus
Male Reproductive Anatomy
1. S***m(o)-/ S***mato- = S***m
8. Orchi(o)-/ Orchido- = Testicles
9. Oscheo- = Sc***um
10. Epididym(o)- = Epididymis
11. Prost- = Prostate
12. Balan(o)-/ Phallo- = P***s
Lesson – 6 (Modifiers)
Locations
1. Axio- = Axial
2. Cata- = Down; downward
3. Ec- = Outside
4. Ventr(o)- = Toward the front
5. Dorso- = Back
6. Later(o)- = Relating to the side
7. Caud(o)- = Tail
8. Meso- = Middle
Cellular Modifiers
1. Kary(o)- = Nucleus
2. Nucleo- = Nucleus
3. Poikilo- = Variation; irregularity
4. Reticulo- = Reticulocyte
5. Sphero- = Shape of sphere
General Terms – 1
1. Anthropo- = Human race
2. Corpor(o)- = Body; Relating to the body
3. Somato-/ -soma = Body
4. Organo- = Organ
5. Viscero- = Internal Organs
6. Kelo- = Tissue
7. Proteo- = Protein; relating to a protein
8. Pharm-/ Pharmaco- = Drugd; Medications
9. -morpho- = Denoting form or structure
10. Nuti(o)- = Relating to nutrition; to nourish
General Terms – 2
1. Physio- = Nature
2. Lumin(o)- = Light
3. Nomen- = Name
4. Nom(o)- = Custon; Law
5. Spectro- = Spectrum
6. -type = Class
7. Techn(o)- = Skill
8. Vir(o)- = Virus
9. Zygo- = Union; junction
Medical Conditions
1. -myco- = Fungus
2. -mycosis = Disease caused by fungus
3. Onco- = Cancer; relating to tumor or mass
4. -poiesis = Formation (blood)
5. -partum = Birth or labor
6. Sanit- = Health
General Conditions
1. Calori- = Heat
2. -coma = Deep sleep
3. -gymn(o)- = Naked
Processes and Modifiers
1. Acu- = Needle
2. Anomalo- = Abnormal/ Irregular
3. Baro- = Weight, pressure
4. -dynia = Pain; Relating to pain
5. Dynamo- = Strength; power
6. Equi- = Equal; equality
7. Eti(o)- = Cause; relating to the cause
8. Ion(o)- = Ion
9. -labile = Unstable; fragile
10. Lyo- = Loosen; dissolve
11. Radio- = Radiation
12. Scler- = Hardening or thickening
Processes and Modifiers – 2
1. Scirrh(o)- = Hard
2. Schisto- = fissure; split
3. -schisis = Cleft or split
4. Schiz(o)- = Denoting a split or division
5. -lucent = Light emitting
6. Tumesc(o)- = Swelling
7. -tumescence = Swelling
8. Tempo- = Relating to time
9. -phoria = Feeling; relating to a feeling
10. Psammo- = Sand-like quality/ material
Examples -
Anthropomorphic
- Anthropo- = Human race
- -morph = Denoting form or structure
- -ic = Pertaining to
- Pertaining to a formistructure of the human race (having human characteristics)
Baroreceptor
- Baro- = Pressure
- -recetor = Receptor
- Pressure receptor; blood pressure receptor
Dysphoria
- Dys- = Problem; abnormal
Radioluscent
- Radio- = Radiation
- -luscent = Light emitting
- Being transparent on X-ray
Hematopoiesis
- Hemato- = Blood
- -poiesis = Formation
- Formation of blood
Scleroderma
- Sclero- = Hardening; thickening
- -derma = Skin; relating to the skin
- Hardening or thickening of the skin
The Basics Lesson – 7 (Modifiers)
Locations and Directions
1. Apo- = Away from; separation
2. Acr(o)- = Extremity
3. Anter(i/o)- = In front; to the front
4. Amg(i)- = Both sides
5. Amph(i/o) = Both sides
6. Poster(i/o)- = Behind; referring to behing
7. Dextr(o)- = Right; towards the right
8. Levo- = Behind; backward
9. Alt(i)- = High
Cellular Modifiers
- Ather(o)- = Fat
- Albumin(o)- = Albumin
- Band(o)- = Bands (band cells)
- Amyl(o)- = Strach
- -coccus = Round
General Terms - 1
1. Andro- = Male
2. Gyn(o/eco) = Female
3. Anim- = Life
4. Calc- = Stone
5. Arachn(o)- = Spider
6. Aer(o)- = Air or gas
7. Abras(o)- = To rub away
8. -port- = to carry; mobile
9. Phon- = Sound
10. Cryo- = Cold
General Terms – 2
1 Auto- = Self
2 Allo- = Different (different human)
3 Xeno- = Different; foreign; alien
4 Choano- = a funnel
5 Chord- = String
6 Chym- = Juice; fluid
7 -cilia = Hair
8 Carn- = Flesh
9 Carcin(o)- = Cancer; tumor
10 Crypt- = Hidden
11 Dipl(o)- = Double
12 Dolich(o)- = Long; abnormally long
Processes and Modifiers – 1
1 Astheni(o)- = Weakness
2 Alter- = Change
3 Aspir(o)- = Inhaling; inhalation
4 Aspirat(o)- = Inhaling; inhalation
5 Ante- = Before
6 Pre- = Before
7 Post- = After
8 Primi- = Frist
9 Acoust(o)- = To hear; hearing
10 Aud(i/o)- = Hearing
11 Aux- = to grow or enlarge
12 -ben(i/e) = Good
Process and Modifiers – 2
1 Ambul- = Walk; to walk
2 Ankyl(o)- = Fused; Fusion; not straight
3 Contra- = Against; to counter
4 -crine = to secrete
5 -rrhage/ -rrhagia = Heavy flow; Bursting with blood
6 -malacia = Softening
7 -tresia = Perforation; opening
Surgical Processes
1 -rrhaphy = Suture
2 -clysis = Irrigation; washing
3 -desis = Surgical union; Surgical Fixation
4 -centesis = Removal of fluid; aspiration
5 -graft = Organ/ tissue for transplantation to replace
Examples -
Myasthenia
- My- = Muscle
- -asthen- = Weakness
- -ia = Abnormal condition
Osteomalacia
- Osteo- = Bone
- -malacia = Softening
- Softening of bones (due to inadequate mineralization)Diplococcus
- Diplo- = Double (two)
- -occus = Round (shaped cell)
Xenograft
- Xeno- = Different; foreign; alien
- -graft = Organ / tissue used for transplantation to replace
- Organ/tissue from animal of one species transplanted to animal/ human of anther species
Arthrocentesis
- Arthro- = Joint
- -centesis = Removal of fluid; aspiration
- Removal/ aspiration of fluid from a joint
Gastrorrhaphy
- Gastro- = Stomach
- -rrhaphy = Suture
- Suturing of the stomach
Diclo
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