02/03/2026
Shoulder dystocia (SD) is an obstetric emergency characterized by the need for obstetric-surgical maneuvers in addition to the gentle downward traction exerted to loosen the fetal shoulders (head-shoulder maneuver).
The event occurs due to impaction of the anterior fetal shoulder behind the maternal p***c symphysis after exteriorization of the cephalic pole.
Simultaneous impaction of the posterior fetal shoulder on the sacral promontory may worsen dystocia. As most cases occur in the absence of prenatal or intrapartum risk factors, the event is often unpredictable and not preventable.
Professionals involved in childbirth care must be prepared to recognize the event and immediately perform a sequence of maneuvers for its correction in a timely manner.
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