Klinik Mediviron Bukit Jelutong

01/04/2026

🧬 Breast Cancer Molecular Classification: Why Slide Quality Matters
⚠️ Why this matters?
Because every slide we prepare impacts diagnosis, treatment decisions, and patient outcomes.

🧠 From fixation… to processing… to microtomy… to staining — quality histotechnology is the foundation of accurate molecular interpretation.

🧡 Better slides = Better classification = Better patient care.

🧬 Molecular Classification of Breast Cancer: A Diagnostic Roadmap
Understanding breast cancer today goes beyond morphology — it now relies on molecular subtyping that guides prognosis and therapy.

🔬 Quick breakdown:
✔️ Luminal Subtypes (A & B)
• ER/PR positive
• Luminal A → better prognosis
• Luminal B → more aggressive
✔️ HER2 Subtype
• HER2 overexpression
• Aggressive but targetable
✔️ Basal Subtype (Triple Negative)
• ER-, PR-, HER2-
• Often linked to BRCA
• More challenging cases
✔️ Claudin-Low Subtype
• Low adhesion markers
• Poor prognosis

25/03/2026

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is a bacterial pathogen that has evolved in humans, and its interactions with the host are complex and best studied in humans.

Myriad immune pathways are involved in infection control, granuloma formation, and progression to tuberculosis (TB) disease. Inflammatory cells, such as macrophages, neutrophils, conventional and unconventional T cells, B cells, NK cells, and innate lymphoid cells, interact via cytokines, cell-cell communication, and eicosanoid signaling to contain or eliminate infection but can alternatively mediate pathological changes required for pathogen transmission. Clinical manifestations include pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB, as well as post-TB lung disease.

Risk factors for TB progression, in turn, largely relate to immune status and, apart from traditional chemotherapy, interventions primarily target immune mechanisms, highlighting the critical role of immunopathology in TB.

Maintaining a balance between effector mechanisms to achieve protective immunity and avoid detrimental inflammation is central to the immunopathogenesis of TB. Many research gaps remain and deserve prioritization to improve our understanding of human TB immunopathogenesis.

Learn more in on : https://scim.ag/4d5HUJ7

21/03/2026

Colorectal cancer in the United States continues to move in two different directions — decreasing in older adults and rising in younger adults, especially in those aged 20-49 years, according to the latest statistics from the American Cancer Society.

The ACS report, published online earlier this month, revealed that CRC incidence rates declined by 2.5% annually in adults age 65 years and older but increased by 3% annually in adults aged 20-49 between 2013 and 2022 — higher than earlier estimates of 1%-2% annual increases.

The trends are “concerning” and a “stark reminder that we’re seeing a shifting epidemiology,” said Folasade (Fola) May, MD, PhD, MPhil, director of the gastroenterology quality improvement program at UCLA Health in Los Angeles, who wasn’t involved in the analysis. https://mdsc.pe/4bAN3X8

19/03/2026

Corneal Innervation (Nerve Supply of the Cornea)

The diagram illustrates the neural pathways responsible for the innervation of the cornea and related ocular structures. The cornea receives its primary sensory nerve supply from the Trigeminal Nerve, specifically from its Ophthalmic Nerve. Sensory fibers pass through the Nasociliary Nerve, which gives rise to the long ciliary nerves. These nerves pierce the sclera near the optic nerve, travel anteriorly through the ciliary body, and enter the cornea where they branch extensively within the stromal and epithelial layers.
Within the cornea, these sensory fibers form a dense subepithelial and sub-basal nerve plexus, creating one of the richest sensory networks in the human body. This extensive innervation allows the cornea to detect even minimal stimuli such as light touch, foreign bodies, or temperature changes. As a result, the cornea plays an essential role in protective ocular mechanisms, particularly the corneal blink reflex, which helps safeguard the eye from injury and maintains the stability and health of the ocular surface.

[Corneal innervation, nerve supply of cornea, trigeminal nerve V1, nasociliary nerve, long ciliary nerves, corneal reflex, ophthalmology anatomy, eye nerve pathways, medical education, clinical anatomy]

14/03/2026

12/03/2026

07/03/2026

Biological Mechanism of Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes develops when the body cannot properly regulate blood glucose due to insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic dysfunction. In the early stage, muscle, fat, and liver cells become less responsive to insulin, meaning glucose cannot efficiently enter cells for energy.

To compensate, the pancreas produces more insulin. This temporary increase helps maintain normal glucose levels for a period. However, over time the beta cells of the pancreas become exhausted and lose their ability to produce sufficient insulin.

At the same time, the liver continues to release glucose into the bloodstream through increased gluconeogenesis, further raising blood sugar levels. The combined effects of insulin resistance, reduced insulin secretion, and increased hepatic glucose production lead to chronic hyperglycemia, which characterizes type 2 diabetes.

04/03/2026

Stages (Grades) of Brain Tumor: Classification by Growth and Aggressiveness

Brain tumors are classified by grade rather than traditional staging, based on cellular appearance and growth behavior.

Grade I tumors are slow-growing, well-differentiated, and often localized. They may be surgically treatable with favorable outcomes.

Grade II tumors are relatively slow-growing but can infiltrate surrounding brain tissue and may recur over time.

Grade III tumors are malignant, showing increased cellular atypia and rapid proliferation.

Grade IV tumors are highly aggressive, characterized by rapid growth, necrosis, and significant invasiveness, such as glioblastoma.

Tumor grading reflects biological aggressiveness and guides therapeutic strategy and prognosis.

03/03/2026