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Pharmaceutical Technology, Abuja (2025)

04/12/2025

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04/12/2025

Between Traditional Bone Setting and Orthodox Orthopaedics procedure, which one is better?

04/12/2025

VAGINAL DISCHARGE 101

Vaginal discharge is completely normal but how do you know if it's healthy or a sign of a problem?

Here is a guide to the different types, what is normal, and when to take action!

Vaginal discharge is your body's natural way of keeping the va**na clean and healthy.

But different types of discharge can tell you if everything’s okay or if there might be an issue.

🔑 CLEAR OR WHITE DISCHARGE
This type of discharge is common throughout your menstrual cycle.

It can be thin or stretchy, like egg whites, especially around ovulation (the middle of your cycle).

It’s usually odorless and shouldn’t cause irritation.

🔹 What to Do: No need to worry unless it’s accompanied by itching, burning, or a strong odor 👍🏼

⚪️ THICK, WHITE DISCHARGE (yeast infection)
If the discharge is thick and white, like cottage cheese, and comes with itching, burning, or swelling, it might be a yeast infection.

Yeast infections happen when the natural yeast in the va**na grows too much.

🔹 What to Do: Over-the-counter antifungal creams or pills can help, but if it’s your first time experiencing this, it’s best to see a doctor

🟡 YELLOW OR GREEN 🟢DISCHARGE
Discharge that is yellow or green, especially if it’s frothy (bubbly) or has a strong, bad smell, can be a sign of a s*xually transmitted infection (STI) like trichomoniasis.

🔹 What to Do: It’s important to visit a healthcare facility for testing and medications if needed.

🔘 GRAY DISCHARGE WITH FISHY SMELL (Bacterial Vaginosis)
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) happens when there’s an imbalance in the normal bacteria in the va**na. It often causes a thin, gray discharge with a fishy odor, especially after s*x.

🔹 What to Do: BV needs antibiotics, so see a healthcare provider for the right treatment.

🟤 BROWN OR BLOODY DISCHARGE (Old blood or Possible issue)
Brown discharge often means old blood leaving the body, which is normal around the start or end of your period. But if it happens at other times, it could be due to irregular periods or an infection.

🔹 What to Do: If it’s not related to your period or you notice it regularly, it’s best to consult your doctor.

🩷 PINK DISCHARGE (spotting)
Pink discharge usually means a small amount of blood is mixed with normal discharge. It can happen during ovulation, after s*x, or early in pregnancy. While it is often normal, frequent spotting can be a sign of a hormonal imbalance or other issue.

🔹 What to Do: Monitor if it’s light, but if it keeps happening, check in with a healthcare provider.

🟡 YELLOW OR GREEN 🟢 DISCHARGE THAT COMES WITH ITCHING OR BURNING (STI alert)

A yellow or green discharge that comes with itching, burning, or pain during urination could be a sign of STIs like gonorrhea or chlamydia. These infections can have serious health impacts if untreated.

🔹 What to Do: See a doctor for testing and treatment as soon as possible.

REMEMBER
Normal discharge could be different from person to person.

Pay attention to changes in color, smell, or texture.

If you notice something unusual or it comes with discomfort, don’t hesitate to reach out to a doctor for advice.

Helpful?

Pharm. Greatman

04/12/2025

OVULATION

Ovulation is the part of your menstrual cycle when one of your ovaries releases an egg.

After the egg comes out, it moves into your fallopian tube and waits there for s***m.

In a 28-day cycle, this usually happens around day 14, but it can vary based on your cycle length

Want to know how to know you're ovulating?

🏷️How Ovulation Works

Your brain controls ovulation.
It sends out hormones that tell your ovaries to prepare an egg.

Between days 6 and 14 of your cycle, small sacs in your o***y (called follicles) start to grow an egg. By around day 14, one egg becomes fully mature.

A sudden rise in a hormone called LH makes the o***y release that egg.

After the egg is released, another hormone called progesterone rises to prepare your womb for pregnancy.

🏷️Ovulation and Pregnancy

Once the egg leaves the o***y, it travels through your fallopian tube. If s***m meets the egg here, fertilization can happen.

A fertilized egg then moves into the uterus and attaches to the womb lining after about a week.

This is when pregnancy begins.
Your hormones then rise to support the baby and stop your period from coming.

🏷️When Does Ovulation Happen?

Most people ovulate 14 days before their next period, even if their cycle is longer or shorter than 28 days.

Tracking your cycle on a calendar or app can help you know your timing.

🏷️How Long Does the Egg Live?

After ovulation, the egg only survives for 12–24 hours. If s***m doesn’t fertilize it, the body absorbs it.

But s***m can survive 3–5 days, which is why pregnancy can still happen even if s*x happened days before ovulation.

🏷️How to Tell You’re Ovulating

It’s not always easy, but you can estimate ovulation using:

-Menstrual cycle tracking: Most people ovulate 14 days before their next period. So, this cab guide you

-Calendar method: Check your shortest and longest cycles over 6 months to predict fertile days.

-Cervical mucus: Just before ovulation, discharge becomes clear, slippery, and stretchy like raw egg whites.

-Basal body temperature (BBT): Your temperature rises slightly after ovulation.

-Ovulation test kits: They detect the LH surge and show that ovulation will happen within about 36 hours.

🏷️Common Signs of Ovulation

-Breast tenderness
-Bloating
-Mild pelvic pain
-Light spotting
-Higher s*x drive
-Clear, stretchy discharge
-Mood or appetite changes

🏷️When Can You Get Pregnant?

You can get pregnant from 5 days before ovulation to 1 day after ovulation.

A good timing for pregnancy is 1–2 days before ovulation and on the day of ovulation.

🏷️Is Ovulation Pain Normal?

Some people feel mild cramps or a sharp pain when the egg is released, and that's okay.

But if pain is severe or unusual, it’s best to see a healthcare provider.

🏷️What If You're Not Ovulating?

Some things can stop ovulation, such as:
-Breastfeeding
-Menopause
-PCOS
-Very low or high body weight
-Extreme stress or exercise

If your periods are irregular or you miss them for months, see a healthcare provider.

🏷️Does Birth Control Stop Ovulation?

Most hormonal birth control pills, patches, injections, IUDs can stop ovulation if used correctly.

They also thicken cervical mucus to make it harder for s***m to reach an egg.

🏷️Can Medicine Help You Ovulate?

Yes. There are fertility medicines that can help if you're trying to get pregnant.

A healthcare provider can guide you based on your health condition and goals.

Did you learn from this post?
Share to help someone else learn

Pharm.Unique

04/12/2025

Amlodipine, Lisinopril, Clopidogrel, Dexamethasone and Ibuprofen…

A lady came in with a handwritten note asking for all these medications.

The combination didn’t sit right with me …it made me wonder who prescribed it and what condition they were treating

Then she explained the reason 👇🏾

She told me a doctor prescribed the drugs and that her elder sister recently had a stroke. I honestly felt bad for her sister because stroke can turn a whole family upside down.

I also asked to speak with the “doctor” since she didn’t come with a valid prescription. And from the conversation we had, I can confidently say that person is not a doctor. Probably just one of those people they call doctor in the community, the same way many drug sellers are wrongly called doctor.

I counseled her on what to do to help her sister… that’s a private issue anyway. Let’s talk briefly about the combination she brought.

The combination of Ibuprofen and Lisinopril is not the ideal choice because it can stress the kidneys and may even cause kidney injuries . If pain relief was needed, another option or even another BP medication would have been more appropriate.

Also, a mix of Dexamethasone, Ibuprofen and Clopidogrel is an express way to internal bleeding. This combination is not ideal at all, especially in someone dealing with a stroke.

My people, pls stop taking medical recommendations from random people. Always see a professional.

AskPharmacistPaul

04/12/2025

From DM

Sir, please I need supplements that will make me grow nyansh before Christmas 🙆🏿‍♂️

I need to put it here, do we have any magician in the house?

Please Indicate before I discharge her to those vulcanizer that can pump nyansh with everything pumpable

04/12/2025

There is a narrative in Yoruba culture, that says that:

The liver of the Tiger is the highest poisonous in the whole world. Reason why, when an housefly fly on the tiger liver and touch human skin, it can caused leprosy.

As a Scientific Officer, let me tell you that there's no scientific evidence to support the claim that tiger liver is the highest poisonous substance in the world, or that a housefly flying on it can cause leprosy.

Let's take a closer look at the facts: leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. It's primarily spread through respiratory droplets and close contact with an infected person, not through casual contact with animals or their body parts.

The liver of the Tiger is not the highest poisonous substance in the world. In fact, there's no credible scientific evidence to support this claim. Tigers, like all animals, have livers that play a vital role in detoxification and metabolism, but it's not a poisonous substance.

Reason why this claim is likely false is that leprosy is a bacterial infection, and it's not transmitted through contact with animals or their body parts.

The bacteria that cause leprosy are typically spread through respiratory droplets, and it's more common in areas with poor sanitation and limited access to healthcare.

Have you heard about this before? Hope you can get the fact now ⁉️

04/12/2025

Medicines List with their Pharmacological Action

For educational purposes only

04/12/2025

Lactulose is an osmotic laxative syrup that draws water into the stool to make it softer and easier to pass. It should be taken with plenty of water to prevent dehydration, and the usual schedule is once or twice a day, depending on your weight and how severe your constipation is, your doctor or pharmacist will tailor the exact dose.

It may take up to 24 hours before you notice an effect, so don’t expect an immediate result. For best results, avoid taking antacids at the same time, as they can reduce lactulose’s effectiveness. If you take too much, the main side effects are dehydration and diarrhea.

Lactulose is considered safe for pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers, and even infants, but the dosage for children under five should be determined by a healthcare professional.

People with lactose or fructose intolerance should not use it, and diabetic patients need to be cautious because the syrup contains sugars.

It is suitable for chronic constipation and is generally well‑tolerated, though you should stay hydrated and follow the prescribed amount to minimize the risk of dehydration or loose stools.

03/12/2025

Prebiotics and Probiotics, Any Difference??

Do you know our gut is like a whole community on its own? Actually there are good bacteria, bad bacteria, and the food they all fight over. our job is to keep the good ones strong so they can protect us and that’s where prebiotics and probiotics comes in.

Probiotics are the good bacteria themselves, they are living microorganisms that improves digestion, immunity, hormones, skin, mood and even how fast we recover from infections. Probiotics as the actual soldiers in our gut.
They help the break down food easily, reduce bloating and gas, balance our immune system, produce vitamins, fight harmful bacteria, improve bowel movement and support mental health through the gut brain link

Probiotics are present in foods like: yoghurt, kefir, fermented foods (Pap, Ogi/ Koko, Garri, Nunu) Tofu or Awara kunun zaki, non-sweetened cultured milk. If you’ve recently used antibiotics, probiotics help repopulate the good bacteria you lost.

On the other hand Prebiotics are not bacteria. They are special fibers our body cannot digest. They pass through our stomach unchanged and go straight to our intestines to act as food for the good bacteria. Let’s say prebiotics are like the fertilizer that helps the good bacteria (probiotic) grow well. They keep our gut healthy by: feeding good bacteria, improving digestion, helping with weight control, reducing inflammation, improving mineral absorption, reducing risk of chronic diseases

You can easily get prebiotics from:bananas, apples, onions, garlic, leeks, cabbage, carrots, asparagus, unripe plantain, millet, beans, oats, whole wheat, brown rice, tiger nuts

So what’s the difference?
Probiotics = the good bacteria
Prebiotics = the food that keeps them alive
One cannot function well without the other.

If you take probiotics without prebiotics, it’s like bringing new soldiers into a battlefield without giving them food. If you take prebiotics without probiotics, it’s like having fertilizer but no plants. You need a balance of both.

Who needs them the most?

people with bloating
people who get infections often
anyone recovering from antibiotic use
people with constipation or slow digestion
diabetics
women dealing with recurrent yeast infections
anyone with IBS or discomfort after meals
people trying to lose weight the healthy way

Hajiya, Alhaji. Feed your gut with Prebiotics and Probiotics.
Take charge of your health and be glad you did💚

Pillandpurpose

03/12/2025

HYDROXYUREA IN Sickle Cell Disease

Hydroxyurea is used in SCD as an antisickling agent. It was originally designed as an anticancer drug because it prevents cell growth and development, but in 1998, the FDA approved its use in the management of Sickle Cell Disorder in adults. By 2017, it was also approved for children over 2 years of age.

It's mode of action is to increase the production of foetal haemoglobin (HbF) in the subject. This reduces the frequency of sickling because HbF, unlike HbS (the abnormal haemoglobin in SCD) does not cause sickling of red blood cells. The red cells produced are healthy and flexible.

Benefits of Hydroxyurea

1. It reduces the frequency of pain crises in many SCD subjects.

2. It reduces the risk of SCD complications like acute chest syndrome (ACS) and stroke.

3. It reduces the need for blood transfusions.

4. Since it reduces severe crises, the frequency of hospitalisation is also reduced.

5. All the above lead to better quality of life for the subject.

Which SCD patients can use it?

Hydroxyurea is a prescription medicine, meaning you can only use it when your doctor/haematologist recommends and prescribes it for you.

Hydroxyurea is usually recommended when an SCD warrior has frequent and complicated crises which seriously affect quality of life. As we have learnt, every warrior is different in clinical presentation, and we cannot always apply the same treatment to all warriors. Some SCD warriors have very few and uncomplicated crises that are far between, while some others are critically down every few weeks with complications like ACS, stroke and the need for blood transfusions and hospitalisation. The latter group are the most likely to need hydroxyurea therapy.

Hydroxyurea is a highly potent drug which should never be taken without prescription. Before commencement of therapy with hydroxyurea, your doctor will request some blood tests to check your blood picture. This investigations are needed for your safety and to determine the appropriate dose for you. You will also need to undergo regular monitoring with blood tests while using the drug as it has some adverse effects on blood cells.

Side effects of Hydroxyurea

1. One of the common side effects is bone marrow suppression. Hydroxyurea reduces the counts of blood cells in the body, including white blood cells and platelets. This is why the patient must undergo regular monitoring on the drug.

2. As a result of bone marrow suppression, another effect of hydroxyurea is lowered immunity, which increase the risk of getting infections, and increased tendency to bleed.

3. Thinning of hair or mild hair loss.

4. Darkening of skin and fingernail beds.

5. May cause gastrointestinal disturbances.

Contraindications

1. Hydroxyurea should not be used in pregnancy or during breastfeeding because it can harm the foetus and baby. S3xually-active women of childbearing age are advised to use an effective birth control method while using the drug.

Those trying to conceive are recommended to stop using hydroxyurea about 3 months ahead. This also applies to a male partner on hydroxyurea. He may resume use after conception is achieved.

2. If you develop any side effects that are serious enough to impair quality of life, consult your prescriber to determine whether you should discontinue its use.

I remain your Pharmacist and The Amazon,

Dr. Mariam V. Lawal 💕

03/12/2025

Antitetanus Serum, (ATS), is a medication that provides immediate protection against tetanus.

What it is:

• A preparation containing antibodies against tetanus toxin
• Derived from the blood of immunized animals (usually horses or humans)

How it works:

• Neutralizes tetanus toxin in the body
• Provides immediate, temporary protection (passive immunity)

Uses:

• Post-exposure prophylaxis (after potential exposure, like a wound)
• Treatment of tetanus infection, alongside other therapies

Antitetanus Toxoid (ATT) is a vaccine made from inactivated tetanus toxin (toxoid) which stimulates the body to produce antibodies that neutralize the tetanus toxin, providing immunity.

Benefits of Antitetanus Toxoid (Vaccine):

• Prevents Tetanus: Protects against tetanus infection, which is life-threatening.
• Long-term Immunity: Provides long-lasting immunity, with booster shots maintaining protection.
• Safe and Effective: The vaccine is safe, with minimal side effects, and highly effective in preventing tetanus.

Note: ATS is needed when the Tetanus has already been presence in the body while ATT is needed to prevent the body from been infected with Tetanus, also for Pregnant woman.

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