Isaac Osas

Isaac Osas Students of uniben

22/03/2025

👩🏻‍🦱👱🏼‍♀️👧🏽 Did you know that endometriosis affects 1 in 10 women and girls of reproductive age worldwide?

🔍 What is it?

Endometriosis is a disease in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus.

🥀 For some women, endometriosis can take a big toll, physically and emotionally.

Symptoms include:

😰 Severe pelvic pain, especially during a period
😣 Pain during s*x, bowel movements, or urination
😴 Fatigue
🩸 Heavy or irregular periods
💔 Trouble getting pregnant
🤢 Bloating or nausea
😓 Depression or anxiety

⚠️ Despite its impact, endometriosis is often misdiagnosed or ignored.

While there is currently no known cure for endometriosis, early treatment can slow or stop the progression of the disease and reduce the long-term symptoms.

❤️‍🩹If you or someone you know is struggling with symptoms, seek medical advice.

Learn more about endometriosis here ➡️ https://bit.ly/4bIsSWZ

30/12/2024

A record number of children impacted by conflict are having their rights brutally violated.

UNICEF is calling for all parties to conflict, and for those with influence over them, to take decisive action to end the suffering of children.

Learn more: https://uniceflink.org/40my0fD

3: The oculomotor nerve controls pupil response and other motions of the eye, and branches out from the area in the brai...
25/04/2024

3: The oculomotor nerve controls pupil response and other motions of the eye, and branches out from the area in the brainstem where the midbrain meets the pons.Cranial nerve

4: The trochlear nervecontrols muscles in the eye. It emerges from the back of the midbrain part of the brainstem.Cranial nerve

5: The trigeminal nerve is the largest and most complex of the cranial nerves, with both sensory and motor function. It originates from the pons and conveys sensation from the scalp, teeth, jaw, sinuses, parts of the mouth and face to the brain, allows the function of chewing muscles, and much more.Cranial nerve

6: The abducens nerveinnervates some of the muscles in the eye.Cranial nerve

7: The facial nervesupports face movement, taste, glandular and other functions.Cranial nerve

8: Thevestibulocochlear nerve facilitates balance and hearing.Cranial nerve

9: Theglossopharyngeal nerve allows taste, ear and throat movement, and has many more functions.Cranial nerve

10: The vagus nerveallows sensation around the ear and the digestive system and controls motor activity in the heart, throat and digestive system.Cranial nerve

11: The accessory nerve innervates specific muscles in the head, neck and shoulder.Cranial nerve

12: The hypoglossal nerve supplies motor activity to the tongue.

The first two nerves originate in the cerebrum, and the remaining 10 cranial nerves emerge from the brainstem, which has three parts: the midbrain, the pons and the medulla.

Pineal GlandThe pineal gland is located deep in the brain and attached by a stalk to the top of the third ventricle. The...
25/04/2024

Pineal Gland

The pineal gland is located deep in the brain and attached by a stalk to the top of the third ventricle. The pineal gland responds to light and dark and secretes melatonin, which regulates circadian rhythms and the sleep-wake cycle.

Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid

Deep in the brain are four open areas with passageways between them. They also open into the central spinal canal and the area beneath arachnoid layer of the meninges.

The ventricles manufacturecerebrospinal fluid, or CSF, a watery fluid that circulates in and around the ventricles and the spinal cord, and between the meninges. CSF surrounds and cushions the spinal cord and brain, washes out waste and impurities, and delivers nutrients.

Blood Supply to the Brain

Two sets of blood vessels supply blood and oxygen to the brain: the vertebral arteries and the carotid arteries.

The external carotid arteries extend up the sides of your neck, and are where you can feel your pulse when you touch the area with your fingertips. The internal carotid arteries branch into the skull and circulate blood to the front part of the brain.

The vertebral arteries follow the spinal column into the skull, where they join together at the brainstem and form thebasilar artery, which supplies blood to the rear portions of the brain.

The circle of Willis, a loop of blood vessels near the bottom of the brain that connects major arteries, circulates blood from the front of the brain to the back and helps the arterial systems communicate with one another.

Cranial Nerves

Inside the cranium (the dome of the skull), there are 12 nerves, called cranial nerves:

Cranial nerve 1: The first is theolfactory nerve, which allows for your sense of smell.Cranial nerve

2: The optic nervegoverns eyesight.Cranial

Parietal lobe. The middle part of the brain, the parietal lobe helps a person identify objects and understand spatial re...
25/04/2024

Parietal lobe. The middle part of the brain, the parietal lobe helps a person identify objects and understand spatial relationships (where one’s body is compared with objects around the person). The parietal lobe is also involved in interpreting pain and touch in the body. The parietal lobe houses Wernicke’s area, which helps the brain understand spoken language.

Occipital lobe. The occipital lobe is the back part of the brain that is involved with vision.

Temporal lobe. The sides of the brain, temporal lobes are involved in short-term memory, speech, musical rhythm and some degree of smell recognition.

Deeper Structures Within the Brain

Pituitary Gland

Sometimes called the “master gland,” the pituitary gland is a pea-sized structure found deep in the brain behind the bridge of the nose. The pituitary gland governs the function of other glands in the body, regulating the flow of hormones from the thyroid, adrenals, ovaries and testicles. It receives chemical signals from the hypothalamus through its stalk and blood supply

Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus is located above the pituitary gland and sends it chemical messages that control its function. It regulates body temperature, synchronizes sleep patterns, controls hunger and thirst and also plays a role in some aspects of memory and emotion.

Amygdala

Small, almond-shaped structures, an amygdala is located under each half (hemisphere) of the brain. Included in the limbic system, the amygdalae regulate emotion and memory and are associated with the brain’s reward system, stress, and the “fight or flight” response when someone perceives a threat.

Hippocampus

A curved seahorse-shaped organ on the underside of each temporal lobe, the hippocampus is part of a larger structure called the hippocampal formation. It supports memory, learning, navigation and perception of space. It receives information from the cerebral cortex and may play a role in Alzheimer’s disease.

Medulla. At the bottom of the brainstem, the medulla is where the brain meets the spinal cord. The medulla is essential ...
25/04/2024

Medulla. At the bottom of the brainstem, the medulla is where the brain meets the spinal cord. The medulla is essential to survival. Functions of the medulla regulate many bodily activities, including heart rhythm, breathing, blood flow, and oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. The medulla produces reflexive activities such as sneezing, vomiting, coughing and swallowing.

The spinal cord extends from the bottom of the medulla and through a large opening in the bottom of the skull. Supported by the vertebrae, the spinal cord carries messages to and from the brain and the rest of the body.

Cerebellum

The cerebellum (“little brain”) is a fist-sized portion of the brain located at the back of the head, below the temporal and occipital lobes and above the brainstem. Like the cerebral cortex, it has two hemispheres. The outer portion contains neurons, and the inner area communicates with the cerebral cortex. Its function is to coordinate voluntary muscle movements and to maintain posture, balance and equilibrium. New studies are exploring the cerebellum’s roles in thought, emotions and social behavior, as well as its possible involvement in addiction, autism and schizophrenia.

Brain Coverings: Meninges

Three layers of protective covering called meninges surround the brain and the spinal cord.

The outermost layer, the dura mater, is thick and tough. It includes two layers: The periosteal layer of the dura mater lines the inner dome of the skull (cranium) and the meningeal layer is below that. Spaces between the layers allow for the passage of veins and arteries that supply blood flow to the brain.

The arachnoid mater is a thin, weblike layer of connective tissue that does not contain nerves or blood vessels. Below the arachnoid mater is the cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF. This fluid cushions the entire central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and continually circulates around these structures to remove impurities.

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Bénin

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Tuesday 09:00 - 17:00
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