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30/11/2023

Wrist pain is a common and discomforting ailment characterized by pain, tenderness, or aching sensations in the wrist area. It can stem from various factors, such as repetitive strain injuries from activities like typing, writing, or excessive use of electronic devices, as well as sports-related injuries, fractures, arthritis, or underlying medical conditions like carpal tunnel syndrome. The pain may range from mild to severe and could be accompanied by swelling, stiffness, or limited mobility, impacting daily activities and reducing overall quality of life. Early diagnosis and proper management, including rest, wrist exercises, application of ice or heat, and in severe cases, medical intervention or physical therapy, are crucial to alleviate wrist pain and prevent further complications. Types of Wrist Pain
It can manifest in different forms, and its underlying causes often determine the specific types. Some common types of include:

Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSI): These occur due to repeated movements that put stress on the wrist joint and surrounding tissues, such as excessive typing, using a computer mouse, or engaging in activities like knitting or playing musical instruments.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS): One of the most prevalent wrist conditions, CTS results from compression of the median nerve as it passes through the narrow carpal tunnel in the wrist. This compression causes pain, tingling, and numbness in the hand and fingers.
Wrist Sprains and Strains: Sprains refer to stretched or torn ligaments in the wrist, often due to sudden impact or a fall on an outstretched hand. Strains, on the other hand, involve overstretching or tearing of muscles or tendons.
Wrist Fractures: Fractures can occur in any of the small bones (carpal bones) that make up the wrist joint. These injuries can result from accidents, sports injuries, or falls.
Arthritis: Wrist arthritis, particularly osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, can lead to chronic wrist pain and joint inflammation, limiting mobility and causing discomfort.
Ganglion Cysts: Non-cancerous fluid-filled cysts that develop near tendons or joints in the wrist, causing pain and sometimes restricting movement.
De Quervain’s Tenosynovitis: A condition characterized by inflammation of the tendons on the thumb side of the wrist, leading to pain and difficulty in moving the thumb.
Kienböck’s Disease: This is a rare condition where one of the small wrist bones, the lunate, loses its blood supply, resulting in wrist pain and limited wrist movement.
Tendinitis: Inflammation of the wrist tendons, often caused by overuse or repetitive activities.
Gout: A form of inflammatory arthritis where uric acid crystals deposit in the joints, including the wrist, leading to sudden and intense pain. If you’re experiencing wrist pain, it may be described as:

Pain with movement
Stiffness
Swelling
Numbness or tingling
Grating sensation
Weakness

18/09/2023

Gonorrhoea is a s*xually transmissible infection caused by bacteria known as Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It usually affects the ge***al area, although the throat or a**s (back passage) may also be affected. Gonorrhoea affects both men and women and is easily transmitted during va**nal in*******se. It can also be transmitted during a**l or oral s*x... Gonorrhea is an infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It not only affects the reproductive tract, but can also affect the mucous membranes of the mouth, throat, eyes, and re**um.
The infection is transmitted through s*xual contact with an infected person involving the p***s, va**na, a**s, or mouth. Men do not need to ej*****te to transmit or acquire gonorrhea.
Gonorrhea can also be passed from an infected mother to her baby during delivery.
Although all s*xually active individuals are at risk for acquiring gonorrhea, the highest rates of infection occur in teenagers, young adults, and African-Americans.
Babies who display signs of a gonorrhoea infection at birth (such as inflammation of the eyes), or who are at increased risk of infection because the mother has gonorrhoea, will usually be given antibiotics immediately after birth. This is to prevent blindness and other complications developing and does not harm the baby... Gonorrhoea symptoms normally appear within 10 days of infection but they can occur many months later. Roughly 10% of men and 50% of women will not experience any symptoms at all.

In women, symptoms include:

Unusual discharge from the va**na that is thick and green or yellow in colour
Pain when urinating
Pain in the lower abdomen
Bleeding between periods and/or heavy periods
Bleeding after s*x – this is rare.
Men may experience:

Unusual discharge from the tip of the p***s that may be white, yellow or green in colour
Pain when urinating
Inflammation or swelling of the fo****in
Pain in the testicles – this is rare... It is important to receive treatment for gonorrhoea as quickly as possible. It is unlikely the infection will go away without treatment and, if you delay treatment, you risk the infection causing complications and more serious health problems. You may also pass the infection onto someone else.

Gonorrhoea is treated with a single dose of antibiotics, usually one of the following:

Ceftriaxone
Cefixime
Spectinomycin
The antibiotics are either given orally (as a pill) or as an injection.

Abstaining from s*xual in*******se – until treatment is complete, there is still a risk of complications and spread of infection.

Repeat testing in some cases – it is not always necessary to be tested to make sure the treatment has worked. However, the CDC recommends retesting for some patients, and a doctor will decide if it is necessary. Retesting should be performed 7 days after treatment.

If a woman is pregnant and infected with gonorrhea, the infant will be given an eye ointment to prevent gonorrhea transmission. However, antibiotics may be required if an eye infection develops.

Prevention of gonorrhoea
Gonorrhoea can be successfully prevented by:

Using condoms (male or female) every time you have va**nal or a**l s*x.
Using a condom to cover the p***s, or latex or Plastic Square (dam) to cover the female ge***als if you have oral s*x.
Not sharing s*x toys. If you do share them, wash them and cover them with a new condom before anyone else uses them.
Taking these precautions can also help to protect you from getting other s*xually transmitted infections (STIs), such as ge***al herpes and chlamydia.
Having s*xual activity with a mutually monogamous, unaffected partner.
Abstinence from s*x.
Before you have s*x with a new partner, you could both consider having a test for gonorrhoea and other STIs.
You can reduce your chances of getting gonorrhea by practicing safe s*x, and by getting regular screenings.
No s*x until antibiotic treatment is completed and your usual s*xual partner has completed treatment.
A follow-up test must be done to make sure that treatment has cleared the infection.
All s*xual partners need to be contacted, tested and treated, if indicated. Even if partners have no symptoms they may be able to transmit infection to other s*xual partners.
Testing to exclude other s*xually transmitted infections is advisable.

18/09/2023

Geographic tongue is a benign condition characterized by inflammation of the tongue (glossitis) that appears in a map-like (geographic) pattern. The normal tongue is covered by a layer of small bumps known as papillae. In affected individuals, certain areas of the tongue are missing these bumps. These affected areas usually appear as smooth, red or pink colored, degenerated (atrophic) patches. It tends to come and go it usually heals without treatment, but will recur again usually affecting a different area of the tongue. Most cases are not associated with any symptoms (asymptomatic) and the condition usually goes away without treatment. Geographic tongue is not associated with any long-term health complications in healthy individuals. The exact cause is unknown.Types of Geographic Tongue
It is also known as benign migratory glossitis, generally does not have different types. However, it can present in various ways and exhibit different patterns on the surface of the tongue. Here are the common presentations or variations of geographic tongue:

1)Map-like patterns: The most common type, with irregular patchy areas resembling a map on the tongue’s surface. These patches have a white or yellowish border.
2)Red or smooth patches: Some cases may have redder or smoother patches on the tongue compared to the surrounding healthy tissue. These patches may not have distinct borders like the map-like pattern.
3)Fissures or grooves: Geographic tongue can also include deep cracks or grooves on the tongue’s surface, giving it a wrinkled or cracked appearance.
Remember, these variations are not separate types but different ways the condition can manifest.Causes of Geographic Tongue
The exact cause tongue isn’t known. However, there are many theories associated with the disorder.

Many people with the condition say that it appears during times of stress. It also seems to run in families, implying there’s a possible genetic or environmental cause. One study exploring the possible connection with psoriasis did identify a possible genetic link. Specifically, people with geographic tongue may have a variant on a protein coding gene known as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1B).

In some cases, certain habits such as teeth grinding have been linked to the development of geographic tongue. Additionally, people who have grooves along the surface of the tongue, a condition known as fissured tongue, may be more likely to develop geographic tongue.

Other potential causes include:

Diet-related causes (food sensitivities and nutrient deficiencies)
Allergies (metals and environmental material)
Hormone-related causes (use of oral contraceptives)
Dermatologic conditions (psoriasis and eczema)
Autoimmune disorders and other inflammatory conditions
Chronic diseases (diabetes)
Hereditary disorders (chronic granulomatous disease, a genetic disorder that causes abnormal white blood cells).. Treatment for geographic tongue is usually not necessary as the condition often resolves on its own without intervention. However, if you’re experiencing discomfort or complications, here are some options:

Pain relief: You can take over-the-counter pain relievers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen to help with any pain or discomfort. Just make sure to follow the instructions on the package.

Avoid irritants: Stay away from things that can worsen your symptoms or irritate your tongue, such as spicy or acidic foods, to***co, or alcohol. Identifying and avoiding these triggers can help reduce discomfort.

Good oral hygiene: Maintain proper oral hygiene by regularly brushing your teeth and gently cleaning your tongue. This can help prevent additional irritation and minimize complications. You can use a soft-bristled toothbrush and a non-alcoholic mouthwash.

Topical treatments: In some cases, your healthcare provider may recommend medicated mouth rinses, gels, or ointments that can provide relief or reduce inflammation. These products are applied directly to the affected areas as instructed.. Corticosteroids: In rare instances when symptoms are severe or persistent, your healthcare provider may prescribe corticosteroids in the form of mouth rinses or topical creams. These medications help reduce inflammation and provide relief. They are used for a short period and under medical supervision.

18/09/2023

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