World epidemiology and public health.

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13/07/2024

Health is wealth

13/07/2024

Epidemiology and disease control (2024) national exam tutorial

13/07/2024

🌎️💡 Did you know? 💡🌎️

*Epidemiology in Action:* Investigating outbreaks, tracking disease trends, and developing evidence-based solutions to protect public health.

*Public Health in Focus:* 🌟 Vaccine development, health education, and community engagement - all crucial in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.

*Global Health Matters:* 🌎️ Let's work together to address health disparities, advocate for health equity, and build a healthier world for all.

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12/07/2024

EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
Intervention or experimentation involves attempting to change a variable in one ormore groups of people. This could mean the elimination of a dietary factor thoughtto cause allergy, or testing a new treatment on a selected group of patients. The effectsof an intervention are measured by comparing the outcome in the experimental groupwith that in a control group. Since the interventions are strictly determined by thestudy protocol, ethical considerations are of paramount importance in the design ofthese studies. For example, no patient should be denied appropriate treatment as aresult of participation in an experiment, and the treatment being tested must beacceptable in the light of current knowledge. Informed consent from study participants is required in almost all circumstances.

12/07/2024

TYPES OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES

Key messages
xChoosing the appropriate study design is a crucial step in an epidemiological
investigation.
xEach study design has strengths and weaknesses.
xEpidemiologists must consider all sources of bias and confounding, and strive
to reduce them.
xEthical issues are important in epidemiology, as in other sciences.

OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS
Epidemiological studies can be classified as either observational or experimental.

(A) OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES
Observational studies allow nature to take its course: the investigator measures but
does not intervene. They include studies that can be called descriptive or analytical:
(1) Descriptive study is limited to a description of the occurrence of a diseasein a population and is often the first step in an epidemiological investigation.
(2)Analytical study goes further by analysing relationships between health
status and other variables.
Apart from the simplest descriptive studies, almost all epidemiological studies areanalytical in character. Pure descriptive studies are rare, but descriptive data in reports
of health statistics are a useful source of ideas for epidemiological studies.
Limited descriptive information (such as that provided in a case series) in whichthe characteristics of several patients with a specific disease are described but are notcompared with those of a reference population, often stimulates the initiation of amore detailed epidemiological study. For example, the description in 1981 of fouryoung men with a previously rare form of pneumonia was the first in a wide range ofepidemiological studies on the condition that became known as the acquiredimmunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

(B) EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
Experimental or intervention studies involve an active attempt to change a diseasedeterminant – such as an exposure or a behaviour – or the progress of a disease through
treatment, and are similar in design to experiments in