Drugs and expends

21/09/2024

• PCN ENFORCEMENT UPDATE: Adamawa State..581 premises sealed.

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📰 News links:
https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/pcn-seals-581-illegal-pharmacies-medicine-shops-in-adamawa/
https://thenationonlineng.net/pcn-shuts-581-pharmacy-medicine-shops-in-adamawa/
https://gazettengr.com/pcn-seals-581-pharmacies-medicine-shops-in-adamawa/ #:~:text=The%20Pharmacy%20Council%20of%20Nigeria%20%28PCN%29%20has%20sealed,at%20a%20news%20conference%20in%20Yola%20on%20Friday.
https://www.politicaleconomistng.com/pcn-seals-581-illegal-pharmacies-medicine-shops-adamawa/

06/05/2024

Peptic ulcer

Introduction



A peptic ulcer is an open sore that develops on the inside lining of the stomach (a gastric ulcer), or the small intestine (a duodenal ulcer). Both types of ulcers are also referred to as peptic ulcer disease.

The most common symptom of a peptic ulcer is a burning or gnawing pain in the centre of the abdomen (stomach).

How common are peptic ulcers?

It is hard to accurately estimate exactly how common peptic ulcers are because in many people they do not cause any symptoms. However, a Swedish study that tested 1,000 adults at random found that four per cent of them had a peptic ulcer.

Peptic ulcers can affect people of any age, including children, but the condition is most common in people who are 60 years of age, or over. Both s*xes are equally affected by peptic ulcers.

In the past, it was mistakenly thought that the main causes of peptic ulcers were lifestyle factors, such as diet, smoking, alcohol, and stress. While these factors may play a limited role, it is now known that the leading cause of peptic ulcers is a type of bacteria called H. pylori.

H. pylori can infect the stomach and small intestines and, in some people, the bacteria can irritate the inner layer of the stomach and small intestine, leading to the formation of an ulcer.

A group of painkillers known as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which include aspirin and ibuprofen, are the second most common cause of peptic ulcers. These types of painkillers can irritate the lining of the stomach and small intestine in some people, particularly if they are taken on a long-term basis.

Outlook

Since the link between peptic ulcers, H. pylori bacteria, and NSAIDs was discovered, treatment for peptic ulcers has become much more effective and the outlook is generally good.

Treatment for H. pylori associated peptic ulcers usually involves taking antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Following this treatment, only five per cent of people will experience another ulcer

12/04/2023

11/04/2023

Antibiotics Dictianory

Cefixime



Active Ingredient: cefixime Cefixime is used for treating infections caused by certain bacteria. Other names for this medication: Aelxim-cl, Aerocef, Afix, Afixime, Anfix, Antima, Bactirid, Belfix-cv, Bestcef, Betixim, Cef-3, Cefarox, Cefibiotic, Cefila, Cefim, Cefimed, Cefimix, Cefit-oz, Cefit-xl, Cefixdura, Cefixim, Cefixoral, Cefrax, Ceftid, Ceftoral, Cefupa, Cefurex, Ceptik, Cexime, Cipcef, Comsporin, Covocef-n, Eficef, Emixef, Ethifix, Excef, Exiben, Faloxim, Fexim, Fix-a, Fixacep, Fixam, Fixef, Fixim, Fixiphar, Fixx, G-fix, Infectoopticef, Ixime, Keor, Lanfix, Longacef, Loxim, Magnacef, Maxicef, Megacef, Mytax-o, Neocef, Nucef, Nufex beta, Odacef, Ofex, Opixime, Orcef, Orfix, Pancef, Prexim, Profix, Roxim, Sefeena, Seferat, Sekispanon, Simcef, Sofix, Spaxim, Sporetik, Starcef, Supran, Supraxim, Taxim-o, Taxime, Texit, Tgocef, Tifaxcin, Tocef, Topcef, Triocef, Triocim, Trixim, Truso, Ultraxime, Unisec, Uro-cephoral, Urotricef, Urticef, Vexcef, Vixcef, Voitx-cv, Winex, Xibit-o, Zefral, Zimaks, Zofixi

INDICATIONS

Cefixime is used for treating infections caused by certain bacteria. Cefixime is a cephalosporin antibiotic. It works by killing sensitive bacteria.

INSTRUCTIONS

Use Cefixime as directed by your doctor. Take Cefixime by mouth with or without food. If stomach upset occurs, take with food to reduce stomach irritation. To clear up your infection completely, continue using Cefixime for the full course of treatment even if you feel better in a few days. If you miss a dose of Cefixime, take it as soon as possible. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not take 2 doses at once. Ask your health care provider any questions you may have about how to use Cefixime.

STORAGE

Store Cefixime at room temperature, between 68 and 77 degrees F (20 and 25 degrees C). Store away from heat, moisture, and light. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep Cefixime out of th

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03/01/2022

03/10/2021

Generic Amoxil



Amoxicillin capsule

What is this medicine?

AMOXICILLIN is a penicillin antibiotic. It kills or stops the growth of some bacteria. This medicine is used to treat many kinds of infections. It will not work for colds, flu, or other viral infections.

What should I tell my health care provider before I take this medicine?

They need to know if you have any of these conditions: asthma kidney disease an unusual or allergic reaction to amoxicillin, other penicillins, cephalosporin antibiotics, other medicines, foods, dyes, or preservatives pregnant or trying to get pregnant breast-feeding

How should I take this medicine?

Take this medicine by mouth with a glass of water. Follow the directions on your prescription label. You may take this medicine with food or on an empty stomach. Take your medicine at regular intervals. Do not take your medicine more often than directed. Take all of your medicine as directed even if you think your are better. Do not skip doses or stop your medicine early. Talk to your pediatrician regarding the use of this medicine in children. While this drug may be prescribed for selected conditions, precautions do apply. Overdosage: If you think you have taken too much of this medicine contact a poison control center or emergency room at once. Note: This medicine is only for you. Do not share this medicine with others.

What if I miss a dose?

If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you can. If it is almost time for your next dose, take only that dose. Do not take double or extra doses.

What may interact with this medicine?

amiloride birth control pills chloramphenicol macrolides probenecid sulfonamides tetracyclines This list may not describe all possible interactions. Give your health care providers a list of all the medicines, herbs, non-prescription drugs, or dietary supplements you use. Also tell them if you smoke, drink alcohol, or use illegal drugs. Some items may interact with your medicine.

26/01/2021

Drugs for Peptic Ulcer

Gastric acid secretion inhibitors

H2 antihistamines:

Cimetidine,Ranitidine,Famotidine,Roxatidine

Proton pump inhibitors:

Omeprazole,Esomeprazole,Lansoprazole,Pantoprazole,S (-) Pantoprazole,Rabeprazole,Dexrabeprazole.

Anticholinergics:

Pirenzepine,Propantheline,Oxyphenonium

Prostaglandin analogues:

Misoprostol

Gastric acid neutralizers (Antacids)

Systemic:

Sodium bicarbonate,Sod. citrate

Nonsystemic:

Magnesium hydroxideMag. trisilicate,Aluminium hydroxide gel,Magaldrate,Calcium carbonate

Ulcer protectives

Sucralfate,Colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS)

Anti-H. pylori drugs

Amoxicillin,Clarithromycin,Metronidazole,Tinidazole,Tetracycline

07/09/2020

26/07/2020

What is the common cold?

A cold, often called the common cold, is an extremely widespread upper respiratory infection. Colds are caused by a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract, including the nose and throat. There are about 200 different types of viruses than can cause a cold. The common cold is one of the most common illnesses. If you have a cold, you’re not alone. Each year, there are more than a billion cases of the common cold in the United States, according to the National Institutes of Health (Source: NIH).

The effects of a cold can vary between individuals and the specific type of virus causing the infection. Typical symptoms of a cold include sneezing, coughing, sore throat, fatigue, and runny or stuffy nose. Colds are very contagious. They can occur at any time of year but are most common during the winter, especially during damp, rainy weather.

You can get a cold by inhaling a cold virus, such as when someone who has a cold sneezes nearby. You can also get a cold by touching your eyes, nose or mouth after you have touched a surface that is contaminated with a cold virus.

There is no cure for the common cold, but you can find relief by getting plenty of rest, drinking fluids, using over-the-counter cough drops, or taking over-the-counter cold medicines. In most cases, a cold is a mild, self-limiting disease that resolves by itself over a week or two. Antibiotics do not cure colds and do not shorten their course, so they should not be used for common cold. Most people in good health can recover from the common cold without complications.

In some cases, the common cold can lead to more serious infections and complications, such as pneumonia, acute bronchitis, and a worsening of asthma. People at risk for complications include those who have a chronic disease, an immunodeficiency disorder, a suppressed or compromised immune system, and the very young and very old.

26/07/2020

What are the symptoms of the common cold?

Symptoms of the common cold are generally mild and appear two to three days after exposure to a cold virus. Symptoms can vary depending on the specific type of virus causing the cold. Common cold symptoms include:

Body aches

Cough

Fatigue

Headache

Low-grade fever

Post-nasal drip

Runny nose

Sneezing

Sore throat

Stuffy nose or nasal congestion

Watery eyes

25/06/2020

How Does HIV Spread

HIV infection can spread only when an infected person's body fluid (blood, semen, va**nal fluid, breast milk, or any body fluid containing blood) enters the bloodstream or contacts the mucous membrane * of another person.



Sexual in*******se, either homos*xual (between men) or heteros*xual (between men and women), is responsible for most cases of HIV infection. The virus also commonly spreads among people who share contaminated needles when they inject drugs. Infected mothers may pass it on to their babies during pregnancy, childbirth, or breast-feeding.



If blood is infected, transfusions can spread HIV. But in the United States, blood transfusions have been tested for HIV since 1985, and the risk of infection from a transfusion is extremely low.



Oral s*x also can spread the virus, and at least one case has been reported in which the virus is thought to have spread through wet kissing (French kissing).



* mucous membrane is the kind of tissue that lines body openings, such as the mouth, va**na, and re**um, as well as the respiratory, intestinal, and ge***al tracts.



HIV does not spread through air, water, food, or objects like doorknobs or toilet seats. It is not spread by mosquitoes or by other insects. A person cannot "catch HIV" by playing with, going to school with, shaking hands with, hugging, or even living with an infected person. Fortunately, HIV is much less contagious than many other infections, including chickenpox, flu, or hepatitis B.

25/06/2020

What is AIDS and HIV

AIDS is the most severe form of disease caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), a virus that damages the immune system, leaving a person open to many life-threatening infections.
Less than 20 years later, that mysterious disease had become one of the worst epidemics ever to strike humanity. AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) had killed almost 14 million people worldwide, including more than 3 million children, by the end of 1998. In the United States, AIDS had killed more than 400,000 people, including almost 5,000 children younger than age 15.
Even greater numbers of people are infected with the virus that causes AIDS, but have not yet developed the disease. In the United States, almost a million people are thought to be infected with HIV, the human immunodeficiency virus, and most do not know they are carrying the virus that causes AIDS. Within 10 years of becoming infected, about half of them will have developed AIDS. Worldwide, more than 33 million people are living with HIV infection, mostly in developing countries in Africa and Asia.