Ubile Medical Laboratory-UML

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Ubile Medical Laboratory-UML

A DIAGNOSTIC/MEDICAL RESEARCH 🥼 LAB

UML IS A MEDICAL LABORATORY WHERE ACCURATE AND PRECISE TESTS ARE CARRIED OUT BY LICENSED AND PROFESSIONAL MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENTISTS, TECHNICIANS AND PUBLIC HEALTH RESAERCHERS ON PATIENTS TO AID THE DOCTOR, NURSES, AND PHARMACIST IN GIVING PROPER MEDICATIONS

27/08/2025

Culture and Sensitivity (C/S) Test
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1. Objective

The objective of the Culture and Sensitivity (C/S) test was to isolate pathogenic microorganisms from clinical samples and determine their susceptibility to various antibiotics.

2. Principle

The principle was based on growing the suspected organism on culture media under appropriate conditions and then exposing it to different antibiotics. The degree of inhibition around antibiotic discs indicated sensitivity or resistance.

3. Materials

Sterile swabs or specimen containers (urine, sputum, blood, pus, etc.)

Culture media (e.g., Blood agar, MacConkey agar, Mueller-Hinton agar)

Inoculating loop and sterile Petri dishes

Incubator (35–37°C)

Antibiotic discs

Forceps, alcohol lamp, and sterile saline

4. Procedure (Microscopic + Culture)

1. The specimen was collected aseptically.

2. It was inoculated onto suitable culture media by streaking.

3. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 18–24 hours.

4. Colony morphology and Gram staining were performed for preliminary identification.

5. For sensitivity testing, a suspension of the isolated organism was prepared and spread on Mueller-Hinton agar.

6. Antibiotic discs were placed on the surface using sterile forceps.

7. After incubation, the zones of inhibition around the discs were measured.

5. Result

Growth of the microorganism was observed on culture media.

Gram staining results confirmed the bacterial group.

Clear zones around specific antibiotic discs indicated susceptibility, while no zone indicated resistance.

6. Uses

Identification of the causative microorganism in infections.

Determination of the most effective antibiotic for treatment.

Monitoring antimicrobial resistance patterns.

7. Consultation

The results were reported to the clinician with details of the isolated organism and the antibiotic sensitivity profile. This guided the doctor in selecting the most appropriate antibiotic therapy for the patient.

27/08/2025

🔬 The D-Shaped Zone in the bacteria Staph aureus

In the picture we have Staphylococcus aureus that has been tested against several antibiotics using the Disk Diffusion method.

And what caught our attention was the shape of the strange stabilization area around the Clindamycin (DA) disk. Isn't it circular? 👀

Yeah... Because it is in the shape of the letter D ➡️ and this phenomenon is called: D-test positive.

Ok why is this happening?
Because this bacteria has Inducible resistance to Clindamycin, the reason is the presence of the erm gene that acts as resistance to the MLSB phenotype (Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptocramin B).

📌 What happens is as follows:
• Erythromycin (E) tablet stimulates the erm gene ➡️
• This gene has changed the way the ribosome is associated with the antibiotic ➡️
• So Clindamycin is a hero to work with, he at the beginning, seems to be active!

So, if we based on the result of Clindamycin, we would have been fooled! 😮

Ok why is this important?
Because if we prescribed Clindamycin to this patient, the bacteria can resist treatment during the treatment period, and therapy fails 🏥.

Now how do we solve it?
Doing a D-test: putting Erythromycin and Clindamycin tablets close to each other (15–20 mm).
If an incomplete settling area appears around Clindamycin and resembles the letter D in the direction of Erythromycin disk → result is D-test positive = ClindamycIN is prohibited ❌.

🦠 This was a mechanism resisting antibiotics, just like MRSA
Should be applied well to allergy dishes😉

26/08/2025

Acid-Fast Stain (Ziehl–Neelsen stain)
1. Objective
The objective of the Acid-Fast Stain was to detect and identify acid-fast organisms, primarily Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in clinical specimens.
2. Principle
The principle was based on the fact that acid-fast organisms have a waxy cell wall rich in mycolic acid, which retained the primary stain (carbol fuchsin) even after treatment with acid-alcohol decolorizer. Non–acid-fast organisms lost the primary stain and took up the counterstain (methylene blue), allowing differentiation under a microscope.
3. Materials
• Heat-fixed smear of sputum or clinical specimen
• Ziehl–Neelsen staining reagents:
o Carbol fuchsin (primary stain)
o Acid-alcohol (decolorizer)
o Methylene blue (counterstain)
• Bunsen burner or hot plate (for heating during staining)
• Microscope with oil immersion objective
• Immersion oil
4. Procedure (Microscopic)
1. A smear was prepared on a clean glass slide and heat-fixed.
2. Carbol fuchsin was applied to the smear, and the slide was heated gently until steaming (without boiling). This step was repeated for 5 minutes to allow pe*******on of the stain.
3. The slide was rinsed with water.
4. Acid-alcohol was applied for decolorization until no more red color came off.
5. The slide was rinsed with water again.
6. Methylene blue was applied for 1–2 minutes as a counterstain.
7. The slide was rinsed, air-dried, and examined under oil immersion (100x objective).
5. Result
• Positive result: Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) appeared as bright red, rod-shaped bacteria against a blue background.
• Negative result: Non–acid-fast organisms and background cells appeared blue, with no red bacilli observed.
6. Uses
• To diagnose Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections.
• To differentiate acid-fast bacilli from non–acid-fast organisms.
• To confirm suspected cases of leprosy and nocardiosis (partial acid-fast organisms).
7. Consultation
If the result was positive for acid-fast bacilli, consultation

23/08/2025

Diagnosis of intestinal protozoa ❤️🔬❤️

23/08/2025

Giemsa Stain:

Principle

Giemsa stain is a Romanowsky-type stain that combines methylene blue (basic dye) and eosin/azure (acidic dyes).

Acidic components (DNA, nuclei) → stain blue/purple

Basic components (cytoplasm, RBCs) → stain pink

Materials Required

Giemsa stain solution

Microscope slides with sample (blood smear, bone marrow smear, tissue)

Methanol (for fixation)

Distilled water (for dilution & washing)

Staining jar or coplin jar

Microscope

Procedure (for blood smear / malaria test)

1. Prepare a thin blood smear on a slide.

2. Fix the smear with methanol (2–3 min).

3. Dilute Giemsa stain (1:20–1:50 in buffered water, pH 7.2).

4. Stain the slide for 20–30 minutes.

5. Rinse gently with buffered water.

6. Air-dry the slide.

7. Examine under oil immersion microscope.

Result Interpretation

RBC cytoplasm → pink

WBC nuclei → dark purple

Platelets → violet

Parasites (Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, Leishmania) → distinct blue/purple structures inside/in between RBCs

This makes Giemsa stain the gold standard for malaria parasite detection in blood smears.

20/08/2025

CBC

20/08/2025

Renal Function Test:

1. Objective
To assess kidney function by measuring levels of waste products and electrolytes in the blood, such as urea, creatinine, and uric acid.

2. Principle
The test measures substances that are normally filtered by the kidneys. Elevated or decreased levels indicate impaired renal function.

3. Materials

Patient’s blood sample (serum)

Test tubes

Centrifuge

Biochemical analyzer

Reagents for urea, creatinine, uric acid, electrolytes

4. Procedure

1. Collect venous blood sample.

2. Centrifuge to separate serum.

3. Load serum into the biochemical analyzer.

4. Add specific reagents for urea, creatinine, and uric acid estimation.

5. Analyzer provides quantitative results.

5. Result:
Normal Range

Urea 32 mg/dL 10–40 mg/dL
Creatinine 1.0 mg/dL 0.7–1.3 mg/dL
Uric Acid 4.5 mg/dL 3.5–7.2 mg/dL
Sodium 139 mmol/L 135–145 mmol/L
Potassium 4.1 mmol/L 3.5–5.0 mmol/L

6. Uses

Diagnosis of kidney diseases
Monitoring patients with hypertension or diabetes
Assessing renal damage in drug toxicity
Pre-operative screening

7. Conclusion
Renal function tests provide valuable insight into the kidneys’ ability to filter waste and maintain electrolyte balance, aiding in early diagnosis and management of renal disorders.

11/08/2025

Stool MCS Test

1. Objective

The objective was to detect and identify pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, parasites, or fungi) in the stool sample and to determine their antibiotic sensitivity pattern.

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2. Principle

The principle was based on direct microscopic examination for ova, cysts, trophozoites, and other pathogens, followed by culture of the stool sample on selective and differential media. Isolated bacteria were then tested for antibiotic sensitivity using standard methods (e.g., Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion).

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3. Materials

Fresh stool sample container (sterile)

Saline solution and iodine solution (for microscopy)

Glass slides and coverslips

Microscope

Culture media (MacConkey agar, XLD agar, Blood agar, etc.)

Inoculating loop and sterile swabs

Incubator

Antibiotic discs for sensitivity testing

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4. Procedure (Microscopic & Culture)

Microscopy

1. A small portion of fresh stool was emulsified in a drop of normal saline on a glass slide.

2. A second preparation was made with a drop of iodine solution.

3. Slides were covered with coverslips and examined under the microscope for ova, cysts, trophozoites, larvae, yeast cells, and other organisms.

Culture

1. Using a sterile loop, stool was inoculated onto appropriate culture media.

2. Plates were incubated at 37°C for 18–24 hours.

3. Bacterial colonies were examined for morphology and subjected to biochemical identification tests.

Sensitivity Testing

1. Identified bacterial isolates were inoculated onto Mueller-Hinton agar.

2. Antibiotic discs were placed on the surface.

3. After incubation, zones of inhibition were measured to determine susceptibility or resistance.

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5. Result

Microscopy: Reported presence or absence of parasites, yeast, or pus cells.

Culture: Identified pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli, etc.) or reported “No significant growth.”

Sensitivity: Listed antibiotics to which the isolate was sensitive, intermediate, or resistant.

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6. Uses

Diagnosis of bacterial, parasitic, or fungal gastroenteritis.

Identification of drug-resistant gastrointestinal pathogens.

Guiding appropriate antibiotic therapy.

Screening in outbreak investigations.

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7. Consultation

Results were interpreted by a microbiologist or physician. Positive findings were correlated with the patient’s symptoms, travel history, and dietary history. In cases of multidrug-resistant organisms, infectious disease specialists were consulted for treatment planning.

NB: For Educational Purposes

11/08/2025

Hello

11/08/2025

Our Public Health consultant

11/08/2025

Trypanosoma

11/08/2025

Urine MCS Test
1. Objective
The objective of this test was to detect the presence of microorganisms in urine, identify the causative organism, and determine its antibiotic sensitivity pattern for guiding appropriate treatment.
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2. Principle
The test was based on the principle that pathogenic microorganisms present in urine could be detected microscopically, grown in specific culture media, and then tested against different antibiotics to determine their susceptibility or resistance. The procedure combined direct microscopic examination, culture isolation, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
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3. Materials
• Fresh midstream urine sample (MSU) in a sterile container
• Centrifuge and centrifuge tubes
• Microscope and glass slides
• Inoculating loop (standard 1 μL)
• Culture media (CLED agar, Blood agar, MacConkey agar)
• Incubator (37°C)
• Gram staining reagents
• Antibiotic discs for sensitivity testing
• Forceps and sterile swabs
• Gloves and laboratory coat
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4. Procedure (Microscopic)
Microscopy:
• A fresh urine sample was mixed well.
• About 10 mL of urine was transferred into a centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes.
• The supernatant was discarded, and the sediment was placed on a clean slide.
• A coverslip was applied, and the preparation was examined under the microscope for pus cells, red blood cells, epithelial cells, bacteria, or yeast.

Culture:
• A sterile 1 μL loop was dipped into the well-mixed urine sample and streaked onto CLED agar, Blood agar, and MacConkey agar plates.
• The plates were incubated at 37°C for 18–24 hours.

Sensitivity:
• Pure bacterial colonies were identified by standard biochemical tests and Gram staining.
• Identified organisms were tested against selected antibiotic discs using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method.
• Zones of inhibition were measured and interpreted as Sensitive (S), Inter

NB: this is for Educational purposes

Address

Ubile Medical Laboratory UML Office
Mbiama
510101

Telephone

+2347062662908

Website

http://Ubilesmedlab.com/, https://ubile-medical-laboratory-uml.b12sites.com/

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