31/03/2026
Food poisoning, also known as foodborne illness, is an infection or irritation of the digestive tract caused by consuming contaminated food or drinks. While it is often uncomfortable, it is usually not serious and most people recover on their own within a few days.
Causes of Food Poisoning
Food poisoning occurs when food or drinks are contaminated by germs or harmful substances. The most common causes include:
Bacteria: This is a leading cause. Examples include Salmonella, E. coli, Campylobacter, and Listeria. These can be found in raw or undercooked meats, unpasteurized dairy, and contaminated produce.
Viruses: Highly contagious viruses like Norovirus and Hepatitis A can spread through contaminated food, water, or person-to-person contact.
Parasites: These can live in the digestive tract and are often found in contaminated water or undercooked food.
Toxins/Chemicals: Some cases are caused by toxins produced by bacteria (like Staphylococcus aureus), harmful chemicals (such as pesticides on produce), or naturally occurring toxins found in certain wild mushrooms or specific types of fish.
How Contamination Usually Happens
Contamination can occur at any stage—from growing and harvesting to processing and preparation. Common factors include:
Poor Hygiene: Food handled by someone who is ill or who has not washed their hands thoroughly.
Improper Cooking: Food, especially meat, poultry, and eggs, that is not cooked to the correct internal temperature.
Cross-Contamination: Transferring germs from raw foods to other foods, kitchen surfaces, utensils, or cutting boards.
Improper Storage: Food left out at room temperature for too long, or stored in a refrigerator that is not cold enough (above 5°C).
Common Symptoms
Symptoms vary depending on the specific contaminant but typically include:
Nausea and vomiting
Diarrhea (sometimes bloody)
Stomach cramps and abdominal pain
Fever
Weakness or lack of energy
Symptoms may start within a few hours to several days after consuming the contaminated item.
When to Seek Medical Attention
While most cases resolve at home with rest and fluid replacement to prevent dehydration, you should see a doctor if you experience:
Signs of severe dehydration: Little to no urination, dry mouth, feeling dizzy when standing.
Severe symptoms: Bloody diarrhea, a high fever (over 102°F / 39°C), or persistent vomiting that prevents you from keeping fluids down.
Long duration: Diarrhea lasting more than 3 days or vomiting lasting more than 2 days.
High-risk status: If you are an older adult, have a weakened immune system, are pregnant, or are concerned about a young child.
