Estylite Medical Clinic

29/07/2025

Mononucleosis

This is known as a “contagious infection caused by a herpes virus called Epstein-Barr.

Other viruses can also cause mono. The infection is common among teenagers and young adults.

The symptoms of Mononucleosis:

Symptoms/Effects:
* ⁠fever
* ⁠sore throat
* ⁠swollen lymph nodes
* ⁠ fatigue
* ⁠enlarged spleen
* ⁠enlarged liver
* ⁠swollen lymph node
*Experiencing extreme fatigue
*body aches.

The causes of mononucleosis:

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

This is the most common cause of infectious mononucleosis, but other viruses can also cause this disease 🦠

Ways of Transmission of Mononucleosis:

This virus is spread through saliva, and you may catch it from kissing or from sharing food or drinks.

The Risk factors of Mononucleosis:

“Mononucleosis”

This can also result in less common complications:

* Anemia

This is known as decrease in red blood cells and in hemoglobin, an iron-rich protein in red blood cells.

* Thrombocytopenia

This is known as a low count of platelets, which are blood cells involved in clotting.

Other risk factors are:

The main risk factors are:

* Post-transplant primary infection
* ⁠Previous splenectomy
* ⁠Second transplant
* ⁠Patient age
* ⁠Acute or chronic graft-versus-host disease (GvHD)
* ⁠Some other co-infections:

‘Due to cytomegalovirus or other viruses’

* Regimen and intensity of immunosuppression therapy.

The prevention of Mononucleosis:

* avoid close contact with infected individuals

“Especially by not kissing them or sharing personal items” like:

* utensils, cups
* toothbrushes etc.

The Diagnosis:

a.) Physical exam

* In this case, the doctor may suspect mononucleosis based on your signs and symptoms
* ⁠how long they've lasted, and a physical exam.
* ⁠The doctor will look for signs such as:

“swollen lymph nodes, tonsils, liver or spleen”

b.) Blood tests

I.) Antibody tests”

If there's a need for additional confirmation.

ii.) monospot test may be done to check your blood for antibodies to the Epstein-Barr virus.

NB: This screening test gives results within a day.

iii.) White blood cell count.

“The doctor may use other blood tests to look for an elevated number of white blood cells (lymphocytes) or abnormal-looking lymphocytes”

NB: These blood tests won't confirm mononucleosis, but they may help the doctor to actually suggest the possibility of the disease condition.

Treatment of Mononucleosis:

* Rest
* ⁠hydration
* ⁠over-the-counter pain relievers
* ⁠⁠⁠Pain relief (Acetaminophen drugs)
* ⁠sore throat relief
* ⁠Avoid Strenuous Activity
* ⁠Corticosteroids
* ⁠Avoid antibiotics etc.

19/06/2025

Diphtheria

This is an infection that occurs in the nose and throat. It causes difficulty in breathing because it covers the throat’s back. It is a very severe infection.

~ It affects the skin by looking like a red scraped area in the persons neck.

What are the symptoms?

~ Sore throat
~ Fever
~ swollen lymph node
~ Weakness etc.

Causes of Diphtheria?

Strains of bacteria called “Corynebacterium diphtheriae” that makes a toxin. It makes people to feel so ill.

The organs affected by Diphtheria:

~Nose
~ Throat.

NB:The bacteria 🦠 infection invades the these two organs.

How is Diphtheria transmitted?

It is transmitted by droplets 💧

~ Firstly, noticed! The Transmission was via sexual transmitted from a patient with “non gonococcal urethritis” after orogenital contact, which means “an infection not caused by sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea”.

How deadly is Diphtheria?

~ Death rate is higher in children from the age of 5 and adult of age 40.

~Though most people recover from it or it’s complications.

What are the risk factors of Diphtheria?

~ Crowded environment. Remember, it is transmitted via droplets 💧

~ Dirty or unclean environment.

~ poor hygiene/ poor personal hygiene.

How can Diphtheria be treated?

Use of antibiotics like:

~ Penicillin

~ Erythromycin

~ Antitoxin - It helps to counterpart the diphtheria toxins in the body

Does it have cure?

~ It can be treated with medications enlisted above via the doctor prescription.

NB: If not treated, it can lead to death because it blocks one’s air ways causing severe difficulty in breathing.

~ Vaccines used are: DTaP, Tdap, DT and TD etc.

03/06/2025

Dyspnea

This is commonly known as “Shortness of Breath”

Or

A subjective sensation of uncomfortable breathing.

NB: It can be either a mild or severe sensation in the breathing of the person.

The symptoms:

* An effort or work of breathing may occur.
* Experiencing chest tightness
* Having a feeling of air hunger
* Rapid breathing (Tachycardia)
* Rapid heart rate (Heart palpitations)
* Dizziness
* Unable or inability to lie down,
* Sweating (Unusually)
* Be in a state of Confusion
* Cyanosis (Blushing of the skin or lips (low oxygen level)
* Coughing
* Wheezing.

The Causes:

* Pneumonia
* Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease- COPD
* Asthma
* Others respiratory infections like bronchitis etc.

The Effects:

* Limitations in daily activities:

“One may have difficulty in performing routine tasks and activities”

* Reduced exercise tolerance:

“Persons with with dyspnea have difficulty engaging in physical activity”

* Heightened mortality risks:

“Dyspnea can be a significant predictor of mortality”

* Impact on quality of life:

It negatively affect a person's overall well-being and quality of life.

* Psychological effects:

It’s associated with anxiety and other psychological distress.

The Risk factors:

* Lung conditions like:

COPD, Asthma, lung cancer and Interstitial Lung Disease.

* Heart conditions like:

Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary Embolism

* Environmental factors

Smoking, Air pollution, Allergies and anxiety.

The Complications:

* Social isolation

* Anxiety and Depression:

* Reduced Physical Function

* Pulmonary Disease

* Heart failure

* Neuromuscular Disease

* An increased risk of Death.

Test and Diagnosis:

* Electrocardiograms

* Spirometry tests

“This test is use to measure the airflow and the patient’s lung capacity.

Also, it helps to pinpoint the type and the extent of an individual’s breathing problems”.

* Computerized tomography scans known as “CT scans”

* X-ray scans

“Use to evaluate the health of the person’s heart & lungs”

Treatment:

* A person short of breath due to overexertion will probably get their breath back once they stop and relax.

* A person with COPD may be ask to breath easily “exercising it.

The medications given:

* Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

* Antibiotics.

03/06/2025

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19/05/2025

19/05/2025

19/05/2025

19/05/2025

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“Dysphagia” ✍🏻

19/05/2025

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07/05/2025

“Epididymorchitis”

This is a medical condition where both the epididymis (the structure next to the testicle) and the testicle (te**is) are inflamed, often causing pain and swelling.

NB: This disease is often caused by infections, either sexually transmitted or from the urinary tract.

Causes

* The most commonly caused by bacterial infections, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like:

a.) Chlamydia
b.) Gonorrhea.

In young men, STIs are a primary cause, while older men are more likely to have infections from urinary tract pathogens like:

c.) E. coli.

It also cause:

a.) Urinary tract infections
b.) Urological factors like obstruction, or trauma etc.

The symptoms

a.) Pains and swelling of the Scrotal

Often unilateral (one side) and can be acute or gradual in onset. �
b.) Tenderness to palpation

The epididymis, testicle, or cord on the affected side may be tender. �
c.) Fever

This Can be present, especially in cases of infection. �
d.) Urinary symptoms

Experiencing Pains during urination, increased frequency, or urgency. �
e.) Urethral discharge

May be present, particularly in cases related to sexually transmitted infections (STIs). �
f.) Systemic symptoms

In some cases, such as with mumps or Brucellosis, systemic symptoms like fever, chills, headache, or parotid swelling may be present. �
g.) Hydrocele

A medical condition where by there is a Fluid accumulation around the testicle, causing swelling of the sc***um. �
h.) Erythema and edema

Presence of Inflammation and swelling of the sc***um may be visible. �
I.) Prehn's sign

Known as “Elevating the sc***um may reduce pain, differentiating it from testicular torsion”.

Risk factors

a.) Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)�
b.) Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)�
c.) Structural or Functional Abnormalities of the Urinary Tract

d.) Instrumentation and Indwelling Catheters
�e.) Recent Genitourinary Surgery�
f.) Age

“Due to age, younger men are more likely to have STI-related epididymo-orchitis, while older men are more prone to UTIs”. �
g.) Multiple Sexual Partners

“This can Increased risk of exposure to STIs”. �
h.) A**l In*******se

I.) Trauma or Strains.

Complications �
1. Persistent Pain and Swelling:

2. Abscess Formation:

3. Reduced Fertility�
4. Chronic Scrotal Pain:

5. Testicular Necrosis (Gangrene)

6. Reactive Hydrocele:

7. Sepsis

NB: Sepsis is occurs in severe cases, the infection can spread to the bloodstream, leading to sepsis, a life-threatening condition.

8. Testicular Atrophy:

Treatment

a.) Use of antibiotics

When there is suspected cause. For sexually transmitted infections (STIs), ceftriaxone (IM) and doxycycline are common first-line options.

b. A surgical procedure can also be done in a severe case.

NB: If you suspect this disease condition, ensure you go see a doctor or a nurse, some laboratory investigation must be done to be sure it is, on no account should you get medications (antibiotics) without the doctor’s or nurses approval.

07/05/2025

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