https://physioinfor.blogspot.com/

Association of sokoto state. physiotherapist, Wamakko, Sokoto (2025)

07/07/2025

(cervical radiculopathy)
A pinched nerve is a damaged or compressed nerve. It develops when a nerve root is injured or inflamed. The nerve root is the part where a nerve branches off from the spinal cord.

A pinched nerve in the neck may feel like pins and needles. It might also cause pain and weakness in the shoulder, arm, or hand.

Exercises for a C7 pinched nerve (cervical radiculopathy) focus on reducing pressure on the nerve and improving neck and arm mobility.

Common symptoms include:

●pins and needles
●muscle weakness
●burning sensation
●numbness
●pain that radiates outward
●pain when moving your neck or head
●poor neck range of motion.

■ Gentle Stretches:
》Cervical Retraction (Chin Tucks):

》Neck Tilts:

》Neck Extensions
》Shoulder Blade Squeezes

》Shoulder Rolls

■ Nerve Glides
》Median Nerve Glide

》Ulnar Nerve Glide

■ Strengthening Exercises:
》Scapular Rows
》Wall Angels
》Deep Neck Flexor Exercises
》Chin Tuck with Neck Extension
》Shoulder Rolls

■ Others
》rest
》soft cervical collar
》hot or cold compress
》practicing good posture
》nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
》acupuncture
》massage
》yoga

Dr. A.A. Ambarura PT
Sokoto state physiotherapist
Orthopedic hospital wamakko sokoto

05/07/2025

𝙊𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙤𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙝𝙧𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙆𝙣𝙚𝙚

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is a "wear and tear" disease where the smooth cushion (cartilage) in your knee joint slowly wears out over time, leading to pain and stiffness.

𝙋𝙖𝙩𝙝𝙤𝙥𝙝𝙮𝙨𝙞𝙤𝙡𝙤𝙜𝙮

1. Cartilage Wears Away
-Cartilage is the soft padding at the ends of bones.
-In OA, this padding thins or disappears, causing bones to rub against each other.

2. Pain Starts Gradually
-You may feel a dull ache in the knee at first.
-Pain worsens with activity like walking or climbing stairs.

3. Stiffness in the Morning or After Rest
-Knee feels tight when you wake up or sit too long.
-Usually improves once you move around.

4. Swelling and Inflammation
-The knee may look puffy due to extra fluid.
-Sometimes it feels warm to touch.

5. Grinding or Cracking Sound
-You may hear or feel a crunching sound during movement – this is called "crepitus".

6. Reduced Mobility
-Bending or straightening the knee becomes harder.
-You may find it tough to walk long distances.

7. Weak Muscles Around the Knee
-Muscles may weaken because you avoid using the leg due to pain.

8. Bone Spurs Can Form
-These are small bony growths that can add to pain and reduce joint space.

9. Risk Increases With Age
-Common in people above 50 years.
-More frequent in women than men.

10. Overweight Adds Pressure
-Extra body weight puts more load on the knee joint.
-Losing weight helps reduce symptoms.

𝘾𝙤𝙢𝙢𝙤𝙣 𝙎𝙞𝙜𝙣𝙨

-Knee pain during or after movement
-Stiffness, especially in the morning
-Swollen or tender knee
-Feeling of “giving way” or knee instability
-Difficulty in sitting cross-legged or squatting

𝙏𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙩𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩

1. Exercise & Physiotherapy
-Strengthens knee muscles
-Improves flexibility & reduces pain

2. Weight Management
-Even 5-10 kg weight loss can make a big difference.

3. Heat/Cold Therapy
-Hot packs reduce stiffness
-Cold packs reduce swelling

4. Assistive Devices
-Knee braces or walking sticks can help reduce load.

5. Medications
-Painkillers, anti-inflammatory tablets (as per doctor advice)

6. Advanced Options
-Injections (like hyaluronic acid or PRP)
-Surgery (knee replacement) in severe cases

Dr.A.A. Ambarura PT.

04/07/2025

𝙋𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙡𝙡𝙤𝙛𝙚𝙢𝙤𝙧𝙖𝙡 𝙋𝙖𝙞𝙣 𝙎𝙮𝙣𝙙𝙧𝙤𝙢𝙚 (PFPS)

Also known as: Anterior knee pain, Runner’s knee, Chondromalacia patella (when cartilage degeneration is involved)

𝘿𝙚𝙛𝙞𝙣𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome is a musculoskeletal condition characterized by diffuse pain around or behind the patella (kneecap), often aggravated by activities that load the patellofemoral joint, such as squatting, stair climbing, running, or prolonged sitting.

𝙀𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙡𝙤𝙜𝙮 / 𝘾𝙖𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙨
PFPS is considered multifactorial in origin, often involving both intrinsic and extrinsic contributors:

•Intrinsic Factors:
-Muscle imbalance: Weakness or delayed activation of vastus medialis obliquus (VMO) relative to vastus lateralis.
-Tight lateral structures: Iliotibial band, lateral retinaculum.
-Foot biomechanics: Excessive pronation or pes planus.
-Patellar maltracking: Due to altered alignment or soft tissue imbalance.
-Femoral anteversion or increased Q-angle (>15° in males, >20° in females).
-Hip weakness: Especially abductors and external rotators.

•Extrinsic Factors:
-Sudden increase in training intensity or volume.
-Poor footwear.
-Hard running surfaces.
-Prolonged sitting (theatre sign).

𝙋𝙖𝙩𝙝𝙤𝙥𝙝𝙮𝙨𝙞𝙤𝙡𝙤𝙜𝙮
PFPS typically results from abnormal patellar tracking within the trochlear groove of the femur. Repeated friction and stress on the articular cartilage and subchondral bone of the patella lead to inflammation, pain, and dysfunction. While chondromalacia patellae refers to cartilage softening, PFPS may occur without actual cartilage damage.

𝘾𝙡𝙞𝙣𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙡 𝙁𝙚𝙖𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙚𝙨
Symptoms --> Signs

1) Diffuse anterior knee pain--> Tenderness on patellar facets
2) Pain during squatting, stair use (especially descending)--> Patellar crepitus or grinding
3) "Theatre sign" – pain after prolonged sitting --> Positive Clarke’s test
4) Feeling of instability or giving way Patellar maltracking on movement

𝘿𝙞𝙛𝙛𝙚𝙧𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙖𝙡 𝘿𝙞𝙖𝙜𝙣𝙤𝙨𝙞𝙨
-Patellar tendinopathy (Jumper’s knee)
-Osgood-Schlatter disease (in adolescents)
-Sinding-Larsen-Johansson syndrome
-Meniscal pathology
-Fat pad impingement
-Osteoarthritis

𝘿𝙞𝙖𝙜𝙣𝙤𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙏𝙚𝙨𝙩𝙨
-PFPS is a clinical diagnosis; imaging is typically not needed unless other pathologies are suspected.

𝘾𝙡𝙞𝙣𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙡 𝙩𝙚𝙨𝙩𝙨
1) Clarke’s test (Patellar grind test): Positive if pain is reproduced with quadriceps contraction.
2) Apprehension test: May indicate instability.
3) Q-angle measurement: Increased angle suggests lateral tracking tendency.
4) Functional tests: Single-leg squat, step-down test, etc.

𝙄𝙢𝙖𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙜 (if needed):
1) X-ray: May show patellar tilt, malalignment.
2) MRI: Only if structural lesions or other intra-articular pathology are suspected.

𝙋𝙝𝙮𝙨𝙞𝙤𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙥𝙮 𝙈𝙖𝙣𝙖𝙜𝙚𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩
1. Pain Reduction:
-Activity modification: Avoid aggravating activities like deep squats, stairs initially.
-Cold therapy: Especially post-activity for inflammation control.
-Taping: McConnell taping to correct patellar tracking.
-Patellar mobilizations: Medial glides and stretches.

2. Muscle Strengthening:
-Quadriceps strengthening (focus on VMO): Isometrics → SLR → CKC exercises.
-Hip strengthening: Gluteus medius, maximus, and core stability.
-Hamstring and calf flexibility.

3. Stretching:
-IT band, quadriceps, hamstrings, lateral retinaculum.

4. Biomechanical correction:
-Address foot pronation with orthotics or arch supports.
-Gait retraining if necessary.

5. Education:
-Importance of correct exercise technique.
-Load management.
-Patience and adherence to long-term rehab plan.

6. Return to Activity:
-Gradual loading progression.
-Pain-free range during exercises.
-Functional re-training with plyometrics or sport-specific drills in later phases.

𝙋𝙧𝙤𝙜𝙣𝙤𝙨𝙞𝙨

With appropriate physiotherapy, most patients improve within 6–12 weeks. However, recurrence is common if biomechanical issues and improper training loads are not corrected.

𝙍𝙚𝙙 𝙁𝙡𝙖𝙜𝙨
-Sudden swelling
-Locking or catching of the knee
-Pain localized to a specific point (consider meniscal or ligamentous pathology)

𝙋𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙏𝙞𝙥𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙋𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙨
-Warm-up and cool down during workouts.
-Strengthen glutes and core.
-Avoid overtraining or abrupt increases in intensity.
-Use appropriate footwear.

29/06/2025

𝙎𝙥𝙞𝙣𝙖𝙡 𝘾𝙤𝙧𝙙 𝙄𝙣𝙟𝙪𝙧𝙮 (SCI)

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord resulting in partial or complete loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic function below the level of the lesion. It can be traumatic (e.g., road traffic accidents, falls) or non-traumatic (e.g., tumors, infections).

𝘼𝙣𝙖𝙩𝙤𝙢𝙮 of the Spinal Cord:

•Extends from the foramen magnum to the L1–L2 vertebral level.
•Divided into segments:
-Cervical (C1–C8)
-Thoracic (T1–T12)
-Lumbar (L1–L5)
-Sacral (S1–S5)
-Coccygeal
Injury at a specific level affects all the segments below.

𝙏𝙮𝙥𝙚𝙨 of Spinal Cord Injury:

1. Based on Cause:
•Traumatic: Fracture, dislocation, penetrating injury.
•Non-Traumatic: Tumors, infections (TB, HIV), degenerative diseases, ischemia.

2. Based on Severity:
•Complete SCI: No sensory or motor function preserved below injury level (ASIA A).
•Incomplete SCI: Some function remains below injury level (ASIA B–D).

𝘼𝙎𝙄𝘼 𝙄𝙢𝙥𝙖𝙞𝙧𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙎𝙘𝙖𝙡𝙚 (AIS):

Grade -Description
'𝘼' Complete – No motor/sensory function below injury level
'𝘽' Incomplete – Sensory preserved, no motor
'𝘾' Incomplete – Motor preserved, muscle grade ❤
'𝘿' Incomplete – Motor preserved, muscle grade ≥3
'𝙀' Normal function

𝘾𝙤𝙢𝙢𝙤𝙣 𝙎𝙮𝙣𝙙𝙧𝙤𝙢𝙚𝙨 𝙞𝙣 𝙄𝙣𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙡𝙚𝙩𝙚 𝙎𝘾𝙄:

Syndrome Features
1) Central Cord Syndrome UE weakness > LE, bladder dysfunction
2) Anterior Cord Syndrome Loss of motor, pain, and temp; sparing of proprioception
3) Brown-Séquard Syndrome Ipsilateral motor loss, contralateral pain/temp loss
4) Posterior Cord Syndrome Loss of proprioception, preserved motor
5) Conus Medullaris Syndrome Saddle anesthesia, bladder/bowel dysfunction, LE weakness
6) Cauda Equina Syndrome LMN signs, radicular pain, areflexic bladder/bowel

𝘾𝙡𝙞𝙣𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙡 𝙁𝙚𝙖𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙚𝙨

•Motor loss: Paralysis or paresis
•Sensory loss: Pain, temperature, touch, proprioception
•Autonomic dysfunction: Bladder, bowel, sexual dysfunction
•Spasticity: In upper motor neuron lesions
•Pressure sores, contractures, DVT, respiratory issues (especially cervical injuries)

𝘿𝙞𝙖𝙜𝙣𝙤𝙨𝙞𝙨:

-Neurological examination: ASIA scale
-Radiological imaging: MRI (preferred), CT, X-rays
-Evoked potentials (in some cases)

𝙈𝙖𝙣𝙖𝙜𝙚𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩

•Acute Phase:
-Immobilization and stabilization (e.g., spine board, collars)
-Methylprednisolone (controversial)
-Surgical decompression if indicated
-Bladder and bowel care
-DVT prophylaxis
-Respiratory support (esp. for high cervical injuries)
-Rehabilitation Phase (Physiotherapy Focus):

𝙂𝙤𝙖𝙡𝙨

-Prevent secondary complications
-Restore function
-Promote independence in ADLs
-Psychological support

𝙄𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙨:

1) Domain Intervention
2) Positioning To prevent pressure sores and contractures
3) Range of Motion (ROM) Passive and active ROM to maintain flexibility
4) Strengthening Strengthen unaffected muscles, use of therabands
5) Respiratory therapy Diaphragmatic breathing, coughing techniques
6) Gait training Parallel bars, orthoses, functional electrical stimulation
7) Functional training Wheelchair mobility, bed mobility, transfers
😎 ADL training Dressing, grooming, toileting with adaptive techniques
9) Spasticity management Stretching, TENS, medications like baclofen
10) Assistive devices Wheelchair, walker, braces
11) Neuro-rehabilitation techniques PNF, NDT, task-oriented training

𝘾𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙡𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙨 𝙩𝙤 𝙈𝙤𝙣𝙞𝙩𝙤𝙧

-Pressure ulcers
-Autonomic dysreflexia (especially in injuries above T6)
-Respiratory infections
-Deep vein thrombosis
-Osteoporosis
-Bladder & bowel incontinence

𝙋𝙧𝙤𝙜𝙣𝙤𝙨𝙞𝙨

-Better in incomplete injuries
-Depends on level, severity, and early rehab
-Cervical injuries may lead to tetraplegia
-Lower thoracic/lumbar may result in paraplegia

𝙍𝙚𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝘼𝙙𝙫𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚𝙨

-Neuroplasticity-based rehab
-Robotic exoskeletons
-Spinal cord stimulation
-Stem cell therapy (under trial)
-Brain-computer interfaces

28/06/2025

🛑 DUPUYTREN’S CONTRACTURE
👋 A hand condition that silently bends your fingers over time…

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🔤 Name Origin & History
📜 Named after Baron Guillaume Dupuytren, a French surgeon who described and surgically treated the condition in 1831.
🧠 Though seen before, he was the first to document and treat it successfully, making the name stick.

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📚 Definition
Dupuytren’s Contracture is a slowly progressive fibrotic condition of the palmar fascia, causing permanent flexion of the fingers—especially the ring (💍) and little (🤏) fingers.
🔒 The fascia thickens, pulling the fingers toward the palm and restricting extension.

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⚠️ Signs & Symptoms
🟤 Painless nodules or lumps in the palm
📉 Progressive finger bending (usually 4th and 5th fingers)
✋ Inability to fully straighten fingers
🧵 Presence of tight, rope-like cords
🤝 Grip stays strong, but hand function weakens

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🔍 Causes / Risk Factors
🧬 Genetic predisposition (especially Northern Europeans)
👨‍🦳 Age over 40
👨‍🔧 Male gender
👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Family history
💉 Diabetes, epilepsy, alcoholism
🔁 Repetitive hand trauma
🚬 Smoking

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🧠 Pathomechanism
🔁 Overgrowth of myofibroblasts in the palmar fascia
🧬 Leads to excess collagen (Type III > Type I)
🔗 Formation of nodules and fibrous cords
🪢 Fascia tightens → fingers gradually pulled into flexion

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🧴 Conservative Treatment
🧤 Splinting (limited evidence)
🧘‍♂️ Gentle stretching exercises
🔥 Heat therapy
📡 Ultrasound therapy
💆‍♂️ Soft tissue or massage therapy
💉 Corticosteroid injections (short-term relief for nodules)

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🏋️‍♂️ Physiotherapy Techniques
🔁 Active & passive ROM exercises
👐 Soft tissue mobilization
🎯 Focused palmar fascia stretching
💪 Post-treatment strengthening
🧰 Use of custom orthosis/splints
⚡ TENS or therapeutic ultrasound
🕯️ Paraffin wax bath for softening tissue

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🔪 Surgical Treatment
✂️ Fasciectomy – surgical removal of the diseased fascia
🪡 Needle aponeurotomy – minimally invasive needle release
🧪 Collagenase injections (Xiaflex®) – dissolves fibrous cords
🏃‍♂️ Post-op physiotherapy is essential to maintain motion and prevent recurrence

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🏡 Home Advice
🖐️ Perform daily hand and finger stretches
🛠️ Use ergonomic tools to reduce strain
🔍 Regularly check for progression
🧼 Apply warm compress or paraffin dip
🌙 Wear night splints if advised
🚫 Avoid heavy gripping or vibration tools

26/06/2025

𝙍𝙚𝙩𝙧𝙤𝙡𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙨𝙞𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙩𝙚𝙗𝙧𝙖𝙚

Retrolisthesis is a spinal condition in which one vertebral body slips backward (posteriorly) relative to the vertebral body below it. It is the opposite of spondylolisthesis, where the vertebra moves forward.

🔍 𝘿𝙚𝙛𝙞𝙣𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣

Retrolisthesis is the posterior displacement of a vertebral body with respect to the adjacent vertebra below it. It can occur in the cervical, thoracic, or lumbar spine, though it is more common in the cervical and lumbar regions.

📊 𝘾𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙨𝙞𝙛𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣

Retrolisthesis can be classified based on the extent of slippage:

1. Grade 1 (Mild): Less than 25% backward slippage
2. Grade 2 (Moderate): 25–50%
3. Grade 3 (Severe): 50–75%
4. Grade 4 (Very Severe): Greater than 75%

It is also categorized by the direction and extent:
1) Complete retrolisthesis: Vertebra moves entirely backward off the vertebra below.
2) Partial retrolisthesis: Only a small portion of the vertebra slips back.
3) Stair-stepped retrolisthesis: Multiple vertebrae slip backward in a step-like manner.

📌 𝘾𝙖𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙨

•Degenerative disc disease
•Facet joint arthropathy
•Spinal trauma
•Congenital spinal anomalies
•Postural abnormalities
•Spondylosis (age-related degeneration)
•Paraspinal muscle weakness
•Previous spinal surgery

⚠️ 𝙍𝙞𝙨𝙠 𝙁𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙤𝙧𝙨

•Aging (most common in people over 50)
•Poor posture
•Repeated heavy lifting
•Obesity
•Sedentary lifestyle
•Weak core musculature
•Spinal instability or ligament laxity

🧠 𝙋𝙖𝙩𝙝𝙤𝙥𝙝𝙮𝙨𝙞𝙤𝙡𝙤𝙜𝙮

Retrolisthesis commonly occurs due to:
-Loss of disc height from degeneration, leading to instability
-Posterior facet joint wear and tear
-Ligamentous laxity
-Muscle imbalance or weakness (especially in the multifidus and core)

This posterior displacement leads to narrowing of the spinal canal, neural foramina, and can compress nerve roots.

🔬 𝙎𝙮𝙢𝙥𝙩𝙤𝙢𝙨

Symptoms vary depending on the location and severity:

• 𝙂𝙚𝙣𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙡:
-Localized or radiating back/neck pain
-Stiffness and reduced mobility
-Pain with extension movements
-Muscle spasms or tightness

• 𝙉𝙚𝙪𝙧𝙤𝙡𝙤𝙜𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙡:
-Radiculopathy (numbness, tingling, burning)
-Muscle weakness
-Altered reflexes
-Gait disturbances (in lumbar cases)
-In severe cases: cauda equina syndrome (rare)

🧪 𝘿𝙞𝙖𝙜𝙣𝙤𝙨𝙞𝙨

1. Clinical Examination:
-Tenderness over spine
-Limited ROM
-Neurological deficit signs
-Postural analysis

2. Imaging :
-X-ray (Lateral View) – Most important for visualizing backward slippage
-MRI – To assess disc degeneration, nerve compression
-CT scan – For detailed bone assessment
-Dynamic X-rays – Flexion/extension to assess instability

🧠 𝘿𝙞𝙛𝙛𝙚𝙧𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙖𝙡 𝘿𝙞𝙖𝙜𝙣𝙤𝙨𝙞𝙨

-Anterolisthesis (spondylolisthesis)
-Lumbar canal stenosis
-Disc herniation
-Vertebral fractures
-Spondylosis
-Tumors/infections (rare)

🧾 𝙈𝙖𝙣𝙖𝙜𝙚𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩

🔹 Conservative Treatment (First-line)
1) Rest and activity modification
2) Physiotherapy
-Core stabilization
-Postural correction
-Paraspinal muscle strengthening (multifidus, erector spinae)
-McKenzie extension exercises (if not contraindicated)
-Flexibility training (esp. hamstrings, hip flexors)
3) Pain relief
-NSAIDs
-Muscle relaxants
-Epidural steroid injections (if radiculopathy)
-Bracing (short-term)

🏃‍♂️ 𝙋𝙝𝙮𝙨𝙞𝙤𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙥𝙮 𝘾𝙤𝙣𝙨𝙞𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙨

1) Avoid hyperextension-based exercises in acute pain
2) Emphasize core muscle training (transversus abdominis, multifidus)
3) Ergonomics and postural training
4) Lumbar stabilization programs
5) Address tight muscles (hip flexors, hamstrings)
6) Progressive loading and functional rehab

🧮 Prognosis

•Good prognosis with early detection and proper rehab
•Chronic or neglected cases may progress to severe instability or neurological compromise
•Lifelong postural hygiene and core strengthening may prevent recurrence

11/06/2025

Everything you need to know about knee joint

09/06/2025

Stroke

28/05/2025

𝙏𝙧𝙞𝙜𝙚𝙢𝙞𝙣𝙖𝙡 𝙉𝙚𝙪𝙧𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙨

Trigeminal neuritis refers to inflammation of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V), which is responsible for sensation in the face and certain motor functions like biting and chewing. Unlike trigeminal neuralgia, which typically involves episodic pain due to nerve compression or irritation, trigeminal neuritis implies an inflammatory etiology and may present differently.

Anatomy of the Trigeminal Nerve:
The trigeminal nerve has three major branches:

1. Ophthalmic (V1): Sensory to the forehead, scalp, and upper eyelids.

2. Maxillary (V2): Sensory to the midface, upper lip, and nasal cavity.

3. Mandibular (V3): Sensory to the lower face and motor to muscles of mastication.

𝙀𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙡𝙤𝙜𝙮:
Trigeminal neuritis is typically caused by:

•Viral infections: Especially herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV), the latter causing herpes zoster ophthalmicus when V1 is involved.

•Bacterial infections: Rarely, bacterial spread from sinusitis or dental infections.

•Post-infectious immune-mediated inflammation

•Autoimmune conditions: e.g., multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis, lupus.

•Trauma or surgery: Including dental procedures or facial injury.

•Iatrogenic causes: Radiation, neurotoxic drugs.

𝘾𝙡𝙞𝙣𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙡 𝙁𝙚𝙖𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙚𝙨: Symptoms depend on which branch(es) of the trigeminal nerve are involved. Common features include:

•Facial pain: Typically constant, burning, or aching, as opposed to the electric shock-like pain of trigeminal neuralgia.

•Sensory deficits: Numbness, tingling, or hypoesthesia in the affected region.

•Motor weakness: If V3 is involved, weakness of the jaw muscles, difficulty chewing.

•Swelling or erythema: If associated with herpes zoster.

•Vesicular rash: In herpes zoster infections (shingles).

•Headache or malaise: Especially in viral or autoimmune causes.

𝘿𝙞𝙖𝙜𝙣𝙤𝙨𝙞𝙨:

1. Clinical evaluation: Detailed neurological exam focusing on facial sensation and motor function.

2. Imaging:

MRI with contrast: To rule out tumors, demyelination (e.g., MS), or brainstem lesions.

3. Laboratory tests:

Viral serologies or PCR (e.g., for HSV/VZV)

Autoimmune screening (ANA, anti-dsDNA, ESR, CRP)

4. CSF analysis: In suspected cases of viral meningitis, encephalitis, or MS.

5. Electrodiagnostic studies (less common): Such as blink reflex or nerve conduction studies.

𝘿𝙞𝙛𝙛𝙚𝙧𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙖𝙡 𝘿𝙞𝙖𝙜𝙣𝙤𝙨𝙞𝙨:

Trigeminal neuralgia

Dental pathologies

Sinusitis

Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ)

Post-herpetic neuralgia

Brainstem lesions or tumors

Multiple sclerosis

𝙈𝙖𝙣𝙖𝙜𝙚𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩:

Treatment depends on the underlying cause:

1. Antiviral therapy:

For suspected viral causes (e.g., acyclovir for HSV or VZV).

Most effective if started within 72 hours of symptom onset.

2. Corticosteroids:

To reduce inflammation, especially in post-viral or autoimmune neuritis.

Prednisone taper over 1–2 weeks is commonly used.

3. Pain management:

NSAIDs or acetaminophen for mild pain.

Neuropathic agents (gabapentin, pregabalin, or amitriptyline) if needed.

Opioids generally avoided unless severe.

4. Disease-specific treatment:

Immunosuppressants or disease-modifying therapy in autoimmune diseases (e.g., MS).

Antibiotics for bacterial infections.

5. Physiotherapy:

For patients with motor involvement, especially V3 (jaw exercises).

Facial massage and desensitization techniques.

6. Surgical intervention:

Rare, but may be needed for decompression in chronic refractory cases or if a structural lesion is present.

---

𝙋𝙧𝙤𝙜𝙣𝙤𝙨𝙞𝙨:

Many cases resolve with appropriate treatment of the underlying cause.

However, post-inflammatory neuropathy or post-herpetic neuralgia can lead to chronic symptoms.

Early diagnosis and treatment improve outcomes.

30/04/2025

Agajin gaggawa

26/04/2025

Understanding Cervical Spine Anatomy for Effective Physical Therapy

The cervical spine consists of seven vertebrae (C1-C7) in the neck region, playing a crucial role in:

1️⃣ Supporting the head
2️⃣ Facilitating neck movements (flexion, extension, rotation)
3️⃣ Protecting the spinal cord

The cervical spine consists of:

⏺️ 7 vertebrae:
C1 (Atlas), C2 (Axis), C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7

⏺️ 6 intervertebral discs:
Between each vertebra, from C2-C3 to C6-C7

⏺️12 facet joints:
2 facet joints at each level, from C2-C3 to C6-C7

⏺️Ligaments:
Various ligaments provide stability, including:
🔸 Anterior longitudinal ligament
🔸 Posterior longitudinal ligament
🔸 Ligamentum flavum
🔸 Interspinous ligaments
🔸 Supraspinous ligament

⏺️ Muscles:
Key muscles include:
🔸 Sternocleidomastoid
🔸 Scalene muscles (anterior, middle, posterior)
🔸 Suboccipital muscles (re**us capitis posterior major, re**us capitis posterior minor, obliquus capitis inferior, obliquus capitis superior)
🔸 Cervical paraspinal muscles (semispinalis cervicis, multifidus, rotatores)

Understanding cervical spine anatomy is crucial as it helps therapists:

✅ Assess and diagnose conditions (e.g., herniated discs, whiplash)
✅ Develop targeted exercise programs
✅ Apply manual therapy techniques
✅ Educate patients on proper posture and body mechanics

Common physical therapy interventions for cervical spine conditions include:

◽ Neck stretches and exercises
◽ Postural correction
◽ Manual therapy (joint mobilization, soft tissue mobilization)
◽ Strengthening exercises for neck and shoulder muscles

This knowledge empowers us to create personalized exercise programs, apply precise manual therapy, and teach patients how to move and posture correctly.

With anatomy as our guide, we can tailor our approach to address specific needs, helping patients achieve better outcomes. Whether it's easing chronic pain, improving mobility, or enhancing function, a deep understanding of anatomy is key to making a real difference.

What's your experience with cervical spine issues? Have you ever struggled with neck pain or stiffness? Share your story!

24/04/2025

HANNUNKA MAI SANDA
kare kanka da hadarin kamuwa da matsalar shanyewar kafa daya wato INJECTION PALSY KO INJECTION NERVE PALSY.

INJECTION PALSY: lalura ce wacca take abkuwa bayan gudanar da allurar tsoka ( intramuscular) a duwawu wanda hakan yana faruwa ne sabida rashin kwarewa, ko kuma kuskure daga wanda yakeyin allurar

MENE NE KE KAWO WANAN LALURAR

1. Faulty injection techniques
Rashin kwarewa ko kuma cancantar wanda zaiyima allurar yana kawo hadarin kamuwa da wanann matsalar sosai

2.Excessive or unnecessary injection
Yawan yin allura a guri daya koda kuwa akwai kwarewa ga wanda yayi allurar haka kuma koda an seta allurar da kyau yanda ya dace shima zai iya zama cikin hadarin kamuwa da wanann lalurar

3. Drug neurotoxicity
Wasu magunna mafi yawa idan anyi allurar su a kusan inda wannan jijiyar sako take suna iya kawo lalacewa da kuma kumburi a kusan wanann jijiyar sakon har su kai ga sun tabata

4. Other Trauma
Damejin wanann jijiya kuma yana iya faruwa kai tsaye bayan anyiwa mutun tiyawa a kusa da gurin cikin rashin sani har ya kai ga an taba ta ko kuma ta dalilin rashin kwanciya dai dai wurin gudanar da allurar kashin jiki kafin fara tiyata

KULA: Ba ko wane irin maaikacin lafiya ne doka ta yarda yayi allura ba

Ba ko wane irin yaro zaka cimma a shagon magani ka bayarda da danka / ko diyarka ko kuma kanka ba yayima allura ko kuma ka daukoshi yazo gida yayiwa wani naka allura ba

Idan bakada lafiya zuwanka assibiti yafi mahimmanci bisa ga komai kada gurin neman sauki ka nakkasa kanka

BAYAN HAKA
Idan aka riga akayi kuskuren faruwan haka (bayan allurar yaronka/ki ko kai kanka kagan tafiyar ka ta canza) ka fara jefa kafa
Shawara: kayi sauri ka nemi likitan physiotherapy da yake a kusa da kai domin fara daukan atisaye da kuma dubarun warkewa

Dr. A.A. Ambarura PT.
Likitan fisiyoterafi a jihar sakkwato
Karkashin KUNGIYAR HADIN KAI TA PHYSIOTHERAPY TA JAHA. ( Association of sokoto state physiotherapist)

Association of sokoto state. physiotherapist

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