04/08/2025
Can we make better coffee using less coffee? A team of physicists at the University of Pennsylvania says yes—by tapping into fluid dynamics.
In a new study, researchers used pour-over setups, laser imaging, and transparent particles to model how water interacts with coffee grounds. They discovered that the way you pour—height, flow rate, and smoothness—dramatically affects how flavor is extracted.
Pouring from just the right height creates tiny “avalanches” that stir the grounds and maximize contact between water and coffee. This boosts extraction, even when fewer beans are used. But pour too high, and the water breaks into droplets, reducing efficiency.
The secret? Laminar flow. That’s why gooseneck kettles outperform regular ones—smooth, controlled pours lead to better brews. The team confirmed their physics models by testing real coffee and measuring taste and extraction yields.
Beyond better coffee, this experiment is a case study in applied physics, with implications for filtration, granular flow, and sustainable brewing. With coffee prices rising and climate change threatening global supply, brewing smarter might just be science’s gift to caffeine lovers.
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RESEARCH PAPER 📄
Ernest Park et al, "Pour-over coffee: Mixing by a water jet impinging on a granular bed with avalanche dynamics.", Physics of Fluids (2025)