08/09/2025
Placental Variation
Placental variation refers to abnormalities in the shape, size, structure, attachment, or cord insertion of the placenta. Normally, the placenta is a discoid (round, flat) organ with a central umbilical cord insertion, but in some pregnancies, variations occur.
These variations can affect blood supply to the baby, increase risk of bleeding, or cause complications during delivery.
Types of Placental Variations
1. Succenturiate Placenta
An extra lobe of placenta develops separate from the main one.
Risk: retained lobe → postpartum hemorrhage.
2. Circumvallate Placenta
Placenta has a raised edge because membranes fold back.
Risk: preterm birth, bleeding, growth restriction.
3. Battledore Placenta
Umbilical cord attaches at the edge instead of the center.
Risk: reduced blood flow, cord compression.
4. Velamentous Insertion
Umbilical cord attaches to membranes before reaching placenta, leaving vessels exposed.
Risk: vasa previa, fetal hemorrhage, stillbirth.
5. Placenta Membranacea
Placenta is unusually thin and covers a wide area of the uterine wall.
Risk: bleeding, poor fetal growth, retained placenta.
6. Placenta Fenestra (Fenestrata)
Placenta has a hole or “window” in its tissue.
Risk: retained tissue, postpartum hemorrhage.
7. Bilobed (Bipartite) Placenta
Placenta divided into two nearly equal lobes.
Risk: retained lobes, cord insertion abnormalities.
8. Tripartite Placenta
Placenta divided into three lobes.
Risk: similar to bilobed—retained tissue, cord problems.
9. Placenta Accreta Spectrum (PAS)
Placenta abnormally adheres too deeply into the uterine wall.
Accreta: attaches to myometrium.
Increta: invades myometrium.
Percreta: penetrates uterine wall.
Risk: severe hemorrhage, need for hysterectomy.
✅ Summary: Placental variations are different forms of abnormal placental development. They include structural variations (bilobed, tripartite), cord insertion variations (battledore, velamentous), and attachment variations (placenta accreta, membranacea).
© Copied