06/09/2025
Chickenpox (Varicella)๐ฉบ๐๐๐๐
Chickenpox is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a member of the herpesvirus family. It mainly affects children but can also occur in adults (more severe in adults).
๐Mode of Transmission
โข Airborne: via respiratory droplets from coughing/sneezing.
โข Direct contact: with fluid from skin lesions.
โข Indirect contact: through contaminated objects.
It is contagious 1โ2 days before rash appears until all lesions have crusted over.
๐Incubation Period
โข 10โ21 days after exposure (average ~14 days).
๐Symptoms
1. Prodromal (early) stage
โข Mild fever
โข Malaise, fatigue
โข Loss of appetite
โข Headache
2. Rash stage
โข Starts as red macules โ papules โ vesicles (โdew drop on a rose petalโ) โ pustules โ crusts
โข Appears first on face, chest, and back, then spreads to the rest of the body
โข Lesions appear in crops (all stages may be present at once)
โข Itchy rash
๐Complications (more common in adults, immunocompromised, pregnant women)
โข Bacterial skin infection (from scratching)
โข Pneumonia
โข Encephalitis, cerebellar ataxia
โข Hepatitis
โข In pregnancy: congenital varicella syndrome
๐Diagnosis
โข Usually clinical (typical rash + history of exposure).
โข Lab confirmation (rarely needed): PCR, direct fluorescent antibody test, serology.
๐Treatment
โข Supportive care in children (as disease is usually mild):
โข Rest, fluids, oatmeal baths, calamine lotion, antihistamines for itching, paracetamol for fever (avoid aspirin โ Reyeโs syndrome).
โข Antiviral therapy (Acyclovir) for:
โข Immunocompromised patients
โข Adults (within 24 hours of rash onset)
โข Severe disease
๐Prevention
โข Varicella vaccine (live attenuated):
โข Children: 2 doses (12โ15 months, then 4โ6 years).
โข Adults without immunity should also be vaccinated.
โข Post-exposure prophylaxis: vaccine within 3โ5 days of exposure or varicella-zoster immune globulin (for high-risk individuals).
๐Key Point:
Chickenpox is usually a mild, self-limiting illness in children but can cause serious complications in adults, newborns, and immunocompromised patients. Vaccination is the best prevention.
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