30/01/2026
π¦ What is Nipah virus (NiV)?
Nipah virus is a rare but very dangerous zoonotic virus (meaning it spreads from animals to humans).
It can cause brain inflammation (encephalitis) and severe respiratory illness.
It belongs to the same virus family as Hendra virus (Paramyxoviridae family).
π¦ Where does it come from?
The natural host is:
π Fruit bats (flying foxes)
They carry the virus without getting sick.
Humans get infected through:
1. Animal β Human transmission
Contact with infected pigs
Contact with bat saliva, urine, or f***s
Eating fruits contaminated by bats
Drinking raw date palm sap contaminated by bats (common in some outbreaks)
2. Human β Human transmission
Close contact with infected person
Exposure to body fluids (saliva, respiratory droplets)
Hospital spread (healthcare workers at risk)
π Where have outbreaks happened?
Mostly in:
Malaysia (first outbreak, 1998)
Bangladesh
India (especially Kerala)
Some cases in Singapore
Outbreaks are usually small but very deadly.
β οΈ Symptoms
Symptoms usually appear 4β14 days after exposure.
Early symptoms (like flu):
Fever
Headache
Muscle pain
Sore throat
Vomiting
Severe symptoms:
Dizziness
Confusion
Drowsiness
Seizures
Encephalitis (brain swelling)
Difficulty breathing
β οΈ Many patients can fall into coma within 24β48 hours once severe brain symptoms start.
β οΈ How dangerous is it?
Very high death rate.
Case fatality rate: 40β75% (sometimes even higher depending on outbreak and medical care).
Even survivors may have:
Long-term neurological problems
Personality changes
Seizure disorders
π§ͺ Is there treatment?
π« No specific antiviral cure yet
Management is supportive care:
ICU monitoring
Oxygen or ventilator
Control of seizures
Managing brain swelling
Some experimental treatments and vaccines are under study, but not widely available.
π‘οΈ Prevention
Since no cure, prevention is key:
β Avoid eating fruits partly eaten by bats
β Wash fruits well
β Do not drink raw date palm sap
β Use PPE when handling sick patients
β Proper infection control in hospitals
β Avoid contact with sick animals
π§ Why health workers worry about Nipah
Because it has:
High death rate
Human-to-human spread
No specific treatment
Potential to cause outbreaks
That makes it a high-priority emerging infectious disease.