JAPSclincaoptica

13/09/2025

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11/09/2025

Refraction is the process of measuring a person’s refractive error to prescribe glasses or contact lenses. Here’s a step-by-step guide for performing refraction in clinical practice:

🔹 1. History & Preliminary Checks

Ask about visual complaints (blurry vision, headaches, double vision, etc.).

Check unaided visual acuity (distance & near).

Note previous spectacle history.

Rule out eye disease with external exam and ophthalmoscopy if needed.

🔹 2. Objective Refraction

1. Retinoscopy (manual method):

Neutralize the reflex using trial lenses in both meridians.

Record approximate spherical & cylindrical power.

or

2. Autorefractor (machine method):

Gives a starting estimate of refractive error.

🔹 3. Subjective Refraction

Seat patient behind phoropter or use a trial frame.

Steps:

1. Sphere refinement – Use bracketing method (give +/− lenses in 0.25 D steps).

2. Cylinder axis refinement – Use Jackson cross cylinder (JCC) to refine axis.

3. Cylinder power refinement – Use JCC again to refine power.

4. Binocular balance – Equalize accommodation between eyes.

🔹 4. Final Prescription

Check best corrected visual acuity (BCVA).

Write prescription in sphere, cylinder, axis format.

Verify patient’s comfort and clarity.

🔹 5. Near Addition (if presbyopia)

Perform near vision test.

Add appropriate + lens power for reading/computer use.

Dr-Muzamil Hussain Baloch

11/09/2025

Soon…

11/09/2025

10/09/2025

10/09/2025

Intraocular (IOL) technology
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02/09/2025

Thank you sir Edison B**g Nebrija for choosing J**s Clinica Optica. 0927-498-4591

14/08/2025