01/09/2025
Urine Test (Routine / Microscopic Examination) test
1. Objective
The objective of the urine test was to examine the physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine in order to assess kidney function, detect urinary tract infections, and identify metabolic or systemic diseases.
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2. Principle
The test was based on the principle that abnormalities in urine composition reflected disturbances in the body’s metabolism, filtration, and excretion processes. Chemical strips (dipsticks) detected specific analytes such as glucose, protein, ketones, and blood, while microscopic examination revealed formed elements like red blood cells, white blood cells, casts, and crystals.
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3. Materials
The following materials were used in the urine test:
• Fresh midstream urine sample in a sterile container.
• Urine dipsticks with multiple reagent pads.
• Centrifuge and test tubes.
• Microscope and clean slides.
• Cover slips, pipettes, and gloves.
• Control samples (positive/negative).
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4. Procedure (Microscopic)
1. A fresh midstream urine sample was collected from the patient.
2. A portion of the sample was used for physical and chemical analysis with dipsticks.
3. About 10 mL of urine was centrifuged at 2000–3000 rpm for 5 minutes.
4. The supernatant was discarded, and a drop of the sediment was placed on a clean slide.
5. A cover slip was applied, and the slide was examined under a microscope using low and high power.
6. Cells, crystals, casts, bacteria, and parasites were identified and counted.
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5. Result
• Normal urine: Clear to pale yellow, specific gravity 1.005–1.030, pH 4.5–8.0, no protein, glucose, or blood, and few epithelial cells.
• Abnormal findings:
o Presence of red blood cells → hematuria.
o White blood cells and bacteria → urinary tract infection.
o Casts → renal pathology.
o Proteinuria or glycosuria → re