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Medical world, Faisalabad (2026)

30/12/2025

See the Difference of Bone tumors

29/12/2025

overview of Teletherapy:
1. Definition
Teletherapy is a type of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) in which high-energy radiation is delivered from a machine outside the patient’s body to treat tumors.
2. Principle
Radiation beams are directed from outside the body toward the tumor.
The goal is to maximize dose to the tumor while minimizing exposure to surrounding healthy tissues.
Uses precise imaging and planning to focus radiation.
3. Equipment
Linear Accelerator (LINAC):
Produces high-energy X-rays or electrons.
Most commonly used in modern teletherapy.
Cobalt-60 Unit:
Uses radioactive cobalt source to emit gamma rays.
Less common now but still used in some centers.
4. Techniques
3D Conformal Radiotherapy (3D-CRT):
Shapes radiation to match the tumor using 3D imaging.
Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT):
Varies intensity of radiation for precise tumor targeting.
Stereotactic Radiotherapy (SRT/SRS):
Very high doses delivered in few sessions to small tumors.
Image-Guided Radiotherapy (IGRT):
Uses imaging before each session to adjust patient positioning.
5. Procedure
Simulation & Planning:
CT or MRI scan to locate tumor.
Treatment plan is made to determine beam angles, dose, and fractionation.
Patient Setup:
Patient lies on treatment table, sometimes with immobilization devices.
Radiation Delivery:
Radiation beams are delivered according to plan, usually daily over several weeks.
6. Advantages
Non-invasive, painless.
Can precisely target tumors.
Minimizes exposure to surrounding healthy tissue.
Suitable for large tumors and tumors in difficult locations.
7. Limitations / Side Effects
Skin irritation, fatigue, hair loss (at the site).
Nausea, depending on treatment area.
Long-term: fibrosis or damage to nearby organs.
If you want, I can make a labeled diagram showing teletherapy setup, LINAC, beam targeting, and patient positioning, which is very useful for visual understanding.

29/12/2025

overview of Radiotherapy:
1. Definition
Radiotherapy (or radiation therapy) is a medical treatment that uses high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells or shrink tumors. It can also be used to relieve symptoms in certain non-cancerous conditions.
2. Principle
Radiation damages the DNA of cells.
Cancer cells are less able to repair DNA damage compared to normal cells.
This leads to cell death or loss of ability to divide, reducing the tumor size.
3. Types of Radiotherapy
A. Based on Delivery
External Beam Radiotherapy (EBRT / Teletherapy):
Radiation is delivered from outside the body using a machine called linear accelerator (LINAC).
Common techniques:
3D Conformal Radiotherapy (3D-CRT)
Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT)
Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS) / Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT)
Internal Radiotherapy (Brachytherapy):
Radioactive sources are placed inside or near the tumor.
Example:
Intracavitary (e.g., cervical cancer)
Interstitial (e.g., prostate seeds)
B. Based on Purpose
Curative: To cure cancer completely.
Adjuvant: After surgery to kill remaining cancer cells.
Neoadjuvant: Before surgery to shrink tumors.
Palliative: To relieve symptoms like pain, bleeding, or obstruction.
4. Mechanism of Action
Radiation ionizes atoms in cells → produces free radicals.
Free radicals damage DNA strands.
Cancer cells die or cannot divide → tumor shrinks.
5. Side Effects
Acute: Fatigue, skin redness, hair loss at treatment site, nausea (depending on area).
Chronic: Fibrosis, secondary cancers, organ-specific damage (lung, heart, kidney, etc.).
6. Advantages
Non-invasive (for EBRT).
Can target tumors precisely with modern techniques.
Can be combined with chemotherapy or surgery for better outcomes.
7. Example Uses
Breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, brain tumors.
Leukemia rarely (mostly total body irradiation before bone marrow transplant).
Palliation in advanced cancers (bone metastases, spinal cord compression).

29/12/2025

Ultrasound
is a diagnostic imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves (above 20,000 Hz, beyond human hearing) to produce images of internal body structures.
2. Principle
Ultrasound works on the principle of echo reflection.
A transducer emits sound waves, which reflect back when they hit tissues of different densities.
The reflected waves are converted into images by a computer.
3. Types of Ultrasound
Abdominal Ultrasound: For liver, kidneys, gallbladder, pancreas.
Pelvic Ultrasound: For uterus, ovaries, bladder, prostate.
Obstetric Ultrasound: To monitor fetus during pregnancy.
Cardiac Ultrasound (Echocardiography): For heart structure and function.
Vascular Ultrasound (Doppler): To evaluate blood flow and detect clots.
Musculoskeletal Ultrasound: For muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joints.
Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS): Combines endoscopy and ultrasound to look inside organs.
4. Advantages
Non-invasive, safe, and painless.
No ionizing radiation (unlike X-rays or CT scans).
Real-time imaging of organs and blood flow.
Portable and relatively low cost.
5. Limitations
Cannot pe*****te bone or air-filled structures effectively.
Image quality depends on operator skill.
Limited in obese patients or when gas obstructs the view.
6. Key Terms
Transducer/Probe: Device that sends and receives sound waves.
Echo: Reflected sound wave.
Doppler Effect: Measures the velocity and direction of blood flow.
Sonogram: The image produced by ultrasound.

29/12/2025

What is x rays??

26/12/2025

HELLP Syndrome

Definition
HELLP syndrome is a severe variant of pre-eclampsia characterized by:
H – Hemolysis
EL – Elevated Liver enzymes
LP – Low Platelets
When It Occurs
Usually 3rd trimester
Can occur postpartum (up to 7 days)
May occur with or without obvious hypertension

Risk Factors

Severe pre-eclampsia
Multiparity
Maternal age >35 years
Previous HELLP syndrome
Chronic hypertension
Symptoms

Epigastric / right upper quadrant pain
Nausea, vomiting
Malaise, fatigue
Headache
Visual disturbances
⚠️ Pain is due to liver capsule distension
Signs

Hypertension (may be mild or absent)
Proteinuria
Tender hepatomegaly
Edema
Petechiae / bleeding (due to thrombocytopenia)

Diagnostic Criteria

Laboratory Findings
1. Hemolysis
↑ LDH (>600 IU/L)
Peripheral smear: schistocytes
↓ Hemoglobin
↑ indirect bilirubin
2. Elevated Liver Enzymes
↑ AST / ALT (>70 IU/L)
↑ LDH
3. Low Platelets
Platelets

26/12/2025

Pre-eclampsia
(clear, high-yield, exam-oriented)
Definition
Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy-specific multisystem disorder characterized by new-onset hypertension after 20 weeks of gestation with proteinuria and/or end-organ dysfunction in a previously normotensive woman.
Diagnostic Criteria
After 20 weeks of pregnancy:
Hypertension

BP ≥140/90 mmHg on 2 readings ≥4 hours apart
OR
BP ≥160/110 mmHg (single reading = severe)
Plus ONE of the following
Proteinuria
≥300 mg/24 h urine
Urine dipstick ≥+1
OR End-organ involvement
Platelets 1.1 mg/dL
↑ AST / ALT (≥2× normal)
Pulmonary edema
Cerebral / visual symptoms
Classification

1. Mild Pre-eclampsia
BP 140/90 – 159/109
Proteinuria present

No severe features
2. Severe Pre-eclampsia
BP ≥160/110

Severe headache / visual symptoms
Oliguria
Pulmonary edema
Thrombocytopenia
Liver or renal dysfunction

Risk Factors

Primigravida
Previous pre-eclampsia
Multiple pregnancy
Chronic hypertension
Diabetes mellitus
Renal disease
Obesity
Age 35 years

Symptoms

Headache
Blurred vision / scotoma
Epigastric or RUQ pain
Nausea, vomiting
Reduced fetal movements
Signs

Hypertension
Proteinuria
Edema (face, hands)
Hyperreflexia
Fundal height lag (IUGR)

History Points

Gestational age (>20 weeks)
BP records
Previous pregnancy history
Headache / visual complaints
Reduced urine output
Decreased fetal movements
Examination Findings
Raised BP
Pitting edema
Brisk reflexes
Uterus smaller than dates
Abnormal fetal heart rate

Investigations
Maternal
Urine protein
CBC (↓ platelets)
LFTs (↑ AST, ALT)
RFTs (↑ creatinine, uric acid)
Coagulation profile
Fetal
Ultrasound (IUGR, oligohydramnios)
Doppler studies
CTG
Management
General
Admit & monitor
Bed rest (left lateral)
Fluid restriction
Antihypertensives
Labetalol
Nifedipine
Methyldopa
Seizure Prophylaxis
Magnesium sulfate (if severe)
Delivery (Definitive Treatment)
≥37 weeks → deliver

26/12/2025

Eclampsia
(high-yield, exam-focused & clinical)
Definition
Eclampsia is the occurrence of generalized tonic–clonic seizures and/or coma in a woman with preeclampsia, not due to epilepsy or other neurological causes, during pregnancy, labor, or within 6 weeks postpartum.
Criteria (Diagnosis)
Pregnant or postpartum woman with preeclampsia
New-onset seizures
No prior seizure disorder
Timing
Antepartum – most common
Intrapartum
Postpartum (usually within 48 hours, up to 6 weeks)
Risk Factors
Primigravida
Age 35 years
Multiple pregnancy
Chronic hypertension
Diabetes mellitus
Renal disease
Previous history of preeclampsia/eclampsia
Poor antenatal care
Warning Symptoms (Before Seizure)
Severe headache
Visual disturbances (blurred vision, scotoma)
Epigastric / right upper quadrant pain
Nausea, vomiting
Reduced urine output
Signs
Hypertension (≥140/90 mmHg)
Proteinuria
Hyperreflexia
Edema
Altered consciousness (post-seizure)
Investigations
Urine: Proteinuria
Blood tests:
CBC (↓ platelets)
LFTs (↑ AST/ALT)
RFTs (↑ creatinine)
Coagulation profile
Fetal assessment (CTG, ultrasound)
Management (Emergency)
1. Control Seizures
Magnesium sulfate (drug of choice)
Loading: 4 g IV + 10 g IM
Maintenance: 5 g IM 4-hourly or 1–2 g/hr IV infusion
2. Control Blood Pressure
Labetalol
Hydralazine
Nifedipine
3. Supportive Care
Airway protection
Oxygen
Left lateral position
Monitor urine output
4. Delivery (Definitive Treatment)
After maternal stabilization
Vaginal or C-section depending on obstetric condition
Complications
Maternal
Cerebral hemorrhage
Pulmonary edema
Acute renal failure
HELLP syndrome
DIC
Death
Fetal
IUGR
Prematurity
Hypoxia
Stillbirth
Differential Diagnosis
Epilepsy
Cerebral malaria
Stroke
Hypoglycemia
Meningitis
Prevention
Early detection & treatment of preeclampsia
Magnesium sulfate prophylaxis in severe preeclampsia
Regular antenatal care
One-Line Exam Answer
Eclampsia is the occurrence of seizures in a preeclamptic woman not explained by other neurological causes.

26/12/2025

Adenomyosis
(clear, exam-oriented + clinical)
Definition
A benign gynecological condition in which endometrial glands and stroma are present within the myometrium, causing a uniformly enlarged, boggy uterus.
Epidemiology
Common in women 35–50 years
Often multiparous
May coexist with fibroids or endometriosis
Etiology / Pathogenesis
Invasion of endometrium into myometrium
Estrogen-dependent condition
Seen after uterine trauma (C-section, curettage)
Risk Factors
Multiparity
Prior uterine surgery
Increasing age
High estrogen states
Symptoms
Menorrhagia (heavy menstrual bleeding)
Dysmenorrhea (progressively worsening)
Chronic pelvic pain
Dyspareunia
Infertility (less common)
Signs (Examination Findings)
Uniformly enlarged uterus
Boggy, tender uterus
Uterus usually symmetrical (unlike fibroids)
Investigations
Ultrasound (TVS) – first line

26/12/2025

Your kidneys work 24/7 to keep you healthy — take care of them before problems start.
Simple habits like drinking enough water, reducing salt, controlling sugar & BP, and avoiding painkiller overuse can make a BIG difference.

🩺 Don’t ignore urine changes, swelling, or constant fatigue.
⏰ Early prevention = long, healthy life.

👉 Save & Share to help your family and friends stay kidney-safe.

26/12/2025

12 Pains You Should NEVER Ignore 🚨

Your body speaks through pain — don’t silence the warning signs.
Chest pain, sudden headaches, leg swelling, or severe abdominal pain could signal life-threatening conditions.

⚠️ If pain is sudden, severe, or getting worse, seek medical help immediately.
🩺 Early action can save lives.

👉 Save & Share — this information could help someone in need.

25/12/2025

Epilepsy what is??? See

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