Medical Information

16/11/2025

What is the real difference between DNA and RNA, and why does your body need both to keep you alive?

Most students memorize full forms and base pairs but never understand the bigger picture.
DNA is your body’s permanent data storage, the master blueprint that never leaves the nucleus.
RNA is the active worker, copying instructions, carrying messages, and helping build proteins that run every function in your body.

DNA stores life.
RNA expresses it.

From base pairing rules to stability, from “T in DNA” to “U in RNA,” these differences decide how traits are passed on, how proteins are made, and how cells function every second.
When you learn this as a system, not a list, the chapter becomes simple and high scoring.

16/11/2025

Haemorrhoids

1. Definition

Haemorrhoids are swollen and inflamed veins in the a**l ca**l.
They can be:
• Internal haemorrhoids – above dentate line
• External haemorrhoids – below dentate line
• Thrombosed external haemorrhoids – painful clot inside an external haemorrhoid

2. Symptoms (Easy to Remember)

Internal
• Painless bright-red bleeding
• Mucus discharge
• Feeling of incomplete evacuation
• Prolapse (may reduce spontaneously or need manual reduction)

External
• Painful swelling at a**l verge
• Itching/irritation
• If thrombosed: sudden severe pain + bluish lump

3. Diagnosis

Mainly clinical (inspection + digital re**al exam + anoscopy).

Tests to rule out other causes of bleeding:
• CBC (if heavy bleeding)
• Colonoscopy for red flags (age >40, weight loss, anemia, family history of colore**al cancer)

4. Differential Diagnosis

Always think of other causes of re**al bleeding:
• A**l fissure (painful bleeding)
• Re**al prolapse
• Colore**al cancer
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Diverticular bleeding
• Polyps
• Peria**l abscess

5. Treatment (Step-Wise & Easy)

A. Conservative (First-line)
• High-fiber diet + fiber supplements
• Plenty of water
• Avoid straining
• Sitz baths (warm water sitting)
• Topical treatments (hydrocortisone, lidocaine)
• Stool softeners

B. Office Procedures (If persistent symptoms)
• Rubber band ligation (best for internal)
• Sclerotherapy
• Infrared coagulation

C. Surgical (Severe/Grade IV or thrombosed external)
• Haemorrhoidectomy
• Stapled haemorrhoidopexy (for prolapsing internal haemorrhoids)
• For thrombosed external haemorrhoids: excision within 72 hours relieves pain quickly.

6. Follow-Up
• Reassess in 4–6 weeks after lifestyle and medical therapy
• After procedures, follow-up to check healing and recurrence
• Educate on long-term fiber intake to prevent recurrence
• Evaluate for other causes of bleeding if symptoms persist

14/11/2025

08/11/2025

🫁 Pulmonary Embolism: When Blood Stops and Air Runs Out

A pulmonary embolism happens when a blood clot blocks an artery in the lungs. This blockage prevents normal blood flow, making it hard for oxygen to reach the body — a silent and sudden threat that can become life-threatening in seconds.

05/10/2025

27/09/2025

04/09/2025

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04/09/2025

🫁 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening condition where the lungs become severely inflamed and filled with fluid, leading to acute hypoxemic respiratory failure.

It usually develops within hours to days after a triggering illness or injury.

🫁Definition (Berlin Criteria)
• Acute onset: within 1 week of a known clinical insult
• Chest imaging: Bilateral opacities (not explained by effusion, collapse, or nodules)
• Origin of edema: Not fully explained by heart failure or fluid overload
• Oxygenation (PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio with PEEP ≥5 cm H₂O):
• Mild: 200–300 mmHg
• Moderate: 100–200 mmHg
• Severe:

02/09/2025

Leukemia

A cancer of the blood-forming tissues (bone marrow and lymphatic system) leading to abnormal, uncontrolled production of white blood cells (WBCs). These abnormal cells crowd out normal blood cells.

🛑Types of Leukemia

Classified by speed of progression (acute vs chronic) and cell line affected (lymphoid vs myeloid):
1. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
• Most common in children
• Rapid progression
2. Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
• Common in adults
• Fast-growing
3. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
• Usually in older adults
• Slow progression
4. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
• Adults, associated with Philadelphia chromosome (t(9;22))
• Can progress to acute phase (“blast crisis”)

🛑Risk Factors
• Radiation or chemotherapy exposure
• Benzene or chemical exposure
• Genetic syndromes (e.g., Down syndrome)
• Family history of leukemia

🛑Symptoms (due to bone marrow failure + infiltration)
• Anemia → fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath
• Low platelets (thrombocytopenia) → bleeding, bruising, petechiae
• Low normal WBCs → infections, fever
• Bone/joint pain
• Lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly
• Night sweats, weight loss

🛑Diagnosis
• CBC → anemia, leukocytosis/leukopenia, thrombocytopenia
• Peripheral smear → presence of blasts
• Bone marrow biopsy → definitive
• Cytogenetics (e.g., Philadelphia chromosome in CML)

🛑Treatment
• Acute leukemias (ALL, AML) → chemotherapy, targeted therapy, sometimes bone marrow/stem cell transplant
• Chronic leukemias (CLL, CML) → may be monitored at first; targeted therapy (e.g., imatinib for CML), chemotherapy, immunotherapy
• Supportive → blood transfusions, antibiotics, growth factors

🛑Complications
• Infections (due to neutropenia)
• Bleeding (low platelets)
• Anemia-related complications
• Tumor lysis syndrome (during treatment)







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27/08/2025

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