RAIS Anatomy

21/05/2025

27/04/2025

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14/04/2025

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12/04/2025

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05/04/2025

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Big news in brain science! 🧠🔬 For the first time ever, researchers have mapped mitochondria—the tiny energy factories inside our cells—throughout the entire human brain. And what they found could be a game-changer for understanding how our brains age.

Turns out, not all parts of the brain are powered equally. The study revealed that mitochondria vary in type and density depending on the brain region. Older, evolutionarily ancient areas (like those handling basic survival stuff) have fewer mitochondria, while newer, higher-functioning regions (like the cortex) are packed with more. It’s kind of like seeing where your brain spends its energy budget—and why some regions might wear out faster with age.

Why does this matter? Well, many neurodegenerative diseases—like Alzheimer's and Parkinson’s—are linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. So, having this detailed “energy map” of the brain might help scientists pinpoint early signs of trouble and even develop better treatments for age-related brain decline.

Science just lit up the brain’s power grid. ⚡🧬

04/04/2025

What is ligament of Treitz?
The ligament of Treitz, also known as the suspensory muscle of the duodenum, is a fibromuscular band that connects the junction between the duodenum and jejunum (the duodenojejunal flexure) to the connective tissue surrounding the celiac trunk and diaphragm.

Key Points:

Location: At the duodenojejunal flexure, where the duodenum ends and the jejunum begins.

Function: It helps support and anchor this junction, and its contraction can affect the angle of the duodenojejunal flexure, assisting in the movement of food from the duodenum into the jejunum.

Clinical Importance:

It’s a landmark for distinguishing between upper and lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding.

In surgery or radiology, it helps identify the start of the jejunum.

Rarely, abnormalities like a malrotation of the intestine can involve the ligament of Treitz and cause complications like volvulus.

04/04/2025

L1 level and other structures

13/03/2025

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07/03/2025

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06/03/2025

The lesser sac (also called the omental bursa) is a part of the peritoneal cavity located behind the stomach and lesser omentum. It is an important space in abdominal anatomy with clinical significance in conditions like pancreatitis and gastric perforations.

Boundaries of the Lesser Sac:

1. Anteriorly:

Lesser omentum (contains the hepatoduodenal ligament)

Stomach

Gastrocolic ligament

2. Posteriorly:

Pancreas

Left kidney and adrenal gland

Transverse mesocolon

3. Superiorly:

Caudate lobe of the liver

Diaphragm

4. Inferiorly:

Transverse colon

Greater omentum

5. Left Side:

Gastrosplenic ligament

Splenorenal ligament

Spleen

6. Right Side:

Opens into the greater sac through the epiploic foramen (of Winslow)

Epiploic Foramen (Foramen of Winslow) - Entrance to the Lesser Sac:

This foramen connects the lesser sac to the greater sac and is bounded by:

Anteriorly: Hepatoduodenal ligament (containing portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct)

Posteriorly: Inferior vena cava

Superiorly: Caudate lobe of the liver

Inferiorly: First part of the duodenum

Clinical Significance:

Internal Hernias: Loops of intestine may herniate into the lesser sac through the foramen of Winslow.

Pancreatitis: Pancreatic fluid collections can extend into the lesser sac.

Gastric Perforation: Perforated posterior gastric ulcers may lead to fluid accumulation in the lesser sac.

26/02/2025

VIVA TIP :IMPORTANCE OF GREATER OMENTUM ?:
The functions of the greater omentum are: Fat deposition, having varying amounts of adipose tissue. Immune contribution, having milky spots of macrophage collections. Infection and wound isolation; It may also physically limit the spread of intraperitoneal infections.

19/02/2025

The cisterna chyli
It is a dilated sac-like structure in the lymphatic system that serves as the primary drainage point for lymph from the lower half of the body. Here’s an overview of its anatomy:

Location:

Positioned anterior to the first and second lumbar vertebrae (L1–L2).

Lies just to the right of the abdominal aorta and posterior to the right crus of the diaphragm.

Structure & Function:

It is an elongated, sac-like dilation of the thoracic duct, acting as a collecting reservoir for lymph.

Receives lymph from the lumbar lymphatic trunks (draining the lower limbs and pelvis) and the intestinal trunk (draining the gastrointestinal tract).

It continues superiorly as the thoracic duct, which carries lymph toward the venous system at the junction of the left subclavian and internal jugular veins.

Clinical Significance:

Enlargement of the cisterna chyli may occur due to obstruction or excessive lymphatic drainage.

Damage to the cisterna chyli during abdominal surgery can lead to chylous ascites (accumulation of lymph in the peritoneal cavity).