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Dr. Umer Farooq Cardiologist, Lahore (2025)

01/05/2025

On this International Workers' Day, may your hard work be rewarded, your voice heard, and your efforts appreciated—not just today, but always. 5. To the workers who inspire through resilience and dedication, thank you for everything you do. May today be a reminder of your worth.

13/02/2025

Tricuspid atresia is a congenital (present at birth) heart defect that occurs when the tricuspid valve of the heart doesn’t form. The tricuspid valve is normally between two chambers on the right side of your heart, the right atrium (upper chamber) and right ventricle (lower chamber).

In tricuspid atresia, you have solid tissue instead of the tricuspid valve. This sheet of tissue blocks blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle, where blood would normally go. Because of this blockage, the right ventricle usually is small and underdeveloped. The other valve on the right side between the right ventricle and the lungs can also be underdeveloped (pulmonary valve).

Tricuspid atresia types
Healthcare providers put cases of tricuspid atresia into different categories. Up to 80% of people have Type I. Types I and II also have three subcategories based on other heart defects present.

Type I: Your baby’s pulmonary artery and aorta (or “great arteries”) are in the correct place. However, they may have a hole in their ventricle wall (ventricular septal defect) or a problem with their pulmonary valve.
Type II: Your baby’s pulmonary artery and aorta are in each other’s places. Also, there’s a ventricular septal defect and possibly a problem with your baby’s pulmonary valve.
Type III (the rarest type): There are different problems with the position of your baby’s pulmonary artery and aorta and the right and left ventricles.

11/02/2025

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a heart issue in which your mitral valve flaps bow or flop back into your left atrium. This may prevent your valve from closing as tightly as it should between your left atrium and left ventricle. These are the two heart chambers that collect and pump oxygen-rich blood out to your body.

Your mitral valve’s two tissue flaps (leaflets) open and shut with each heartbeat. This is how they manage blood flow out of your left atrium and into your left ventricle.

Mitral valve prolapse is a common form of mitral valve disease that affects 2% to 3% of the general population. MVP is often harmless. Many people have no symptoms and don’t even know they have it. That’s because their valve can still function well.

Some people with moderate or severe prolapse have symptoms and need treatment. It may be daunting to hear that you need surgery. But it may be comforting to know that many people have had successful procedures

09/02/2025

Mitral valve regurgitation is the backward flow of blood through your heart’s mitral valve. This “door” connects the two chambers on the left side of your heart. It opens and closes when your heart beats. When your mitral valve opens, it lets blood flow from your top left chamber (atrium) down to your bottom left chamber (ventricle). When it closes, blood flow between those chambers pauses. The sealed door prevents blood from flowing back up into the top chamber so that it can go out of your heart to supply blood to your body.

But like other doors, your mitral valve can sometimes have trouble closing fully. This might be because of damage to the door itself (in this case, your valve tissue). Or, damage to the walls and structures surrounding the door (the left chambers of your heart) might keep it from working normally. In either case, your mitral valve can’t fully close. And some blood can leak out.

Doors in your heart can cause minor or serious issues depending on how wide the openings are. A minor leak in your mitral valve might not make much of a difference or cause you to worry. Your heart can easily compensate and you’ll feel fine. But if too much blood keeps leaking backward, your heart will have to work harder to send enough blood forward in the proper direction. Over time, this can take a toll on your heart, leading to symptoms and complications.

You may hear people refer to this condition by its shortened name, mitral regurgitation (MR). Other names include:

Mitral valve insufficiency.
Mitral valve incompetence.
Leaky mitral valve.

07/02/2025

Aortic valve stenosis (or aortic stenosis) describes an aortic valve in your heart that’s narrowed or blocked. This interferes with the normal blood flow out of your heart. Because this condition restricts blood flow, it also limits how much oxygen your body gets. This can cause chest pain, shortness of breath and fainting. Aortic stenosis can cause heart damage, major health problems and even death.

One of four valves in your heart, your aortic valve is the last one that blood flows through before going out to your body. Your aortic valve has three flaps (leaflets) that open to let blood pass through and then seal shut to keep blood from flowing backward into the last heart chamber.

A problem with this valve can be concerning. But today, there are more options than ever to treat aortic stenosis.

06/02/2025

Types of heart valve disease
There are different types of heart valve disease: stenosis, regurgitation, prolapse and atresia. They can affect more than one valve.

Stenosis
Tissues forming the valve leaflets become stiffer, narrowing your valve opening and reducing the amount of blood that can flow through it. Mild narrowing may not reduce the overall functioning of your heart. But the valve can become so narrow (stenotic) that it reduces your heart’s function, makes your heart pump harder and puts it under strain. As a result, the rest of your body may not get enough blood flow.

Regurgitation
Also known as insufficiency or "leaky valve," this happens when your leaflets don’t close completely. This lets blood leak backward across your valve. Your heart has to pump harder to make up for this backward flow, and the rest of your body may get less blood flow.

Prolapse
Your mitral valve may not close tightly because the leaflets are extra stretchy. They go back into your left atrium when your heart beats. This is usually harmless, but can lead to regurgitation in some people.

Atresia
Valvular atresia happens when a heart valve forms without an opening before birth. Healthcare providers usually diagnose this very early in infancy.

04/02/2025

Human heart’s valves are:

Mitral (between your left atrium and left ventricle)
Tricuspid (between your right atrium and right ventricle)
Aortic (between your left ventricle and aorta)
Pulmonary (between your right ventricle and pulmonary artery)

02/02/2025

Heart valve disease refers to any of several conditions that prevent one or more of the valves in your heart from working right. Left untreated, heart valve disease may reduce blood flow and cause your heart to work harder. Untreated heart valve disease can become life-threatening.

But there’s hope. In many cases, your healthcare provider can do surgery or a minimally invasive procedure to repair or replace your heart valves. This restores normal function and allows you to return to normal activities.

The four valves in your heart make sure blood flows in only one direction through your heart. Your valves consist of small flaps of tissue (called leaflets) that open to allow blood to move forward through your heart during half of your heartbeat. These leaflets close to prevent blood from flowing backward during the other half of your heartbeat.

18/01/2025

Cardiovascular diseases are the most common complication resulting from diabetes. The cause is “calcification” of the arteries. This is when fats, cholesterol, calcium, and connective tissue deposits build up on the inner arterial walls. Medical professionals call these deposits plaques and the calcification arteriosclerosis.

Those affected often don’t notice the signs of the condition for a long time. Over time, the deposits increase in size and cause blood circulation problems. In the most severe case, the blood vessels are completely blocked which can result, for example, in a heart attack.

16/01/2025

Diabetes is a condition in which the body cannot maintain healthy blood glucose levels. Insulin, the hormone which regulates these levels, is no longer produced or is not produced in sufficient amounts by the body. Diabetes requires daily management, and it can have a significant impact on quality of life and health, including increased risk of CVD, heart attack, stroke and blindness.

There are three main types of diabetes: gestational diabetes, type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes, plus a stage before diabetes called pre-diabetes.

Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy. The body cannot cope with the extra demand for insulin production, resulting in higher than normal blood glucose levels.
Type 1 diabetes is an auto-immune condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin. Those affected need to take insulin every day.
Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body becomes resistant to the normal effects of insulin and/or gradually becomes unable to produce enough insulin.
Pre-diabetes occurs when blood sugar levels are higher than the normal range, but not enough to be considered diabetes. People with pre-diabetes are at higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes and CVD later in life.

Dr. Umer Farooq Cardiologist

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