New excel lab Muzaffarabad

21/08/2018

Always remember

02/07/2018

16/06/2018

Wishing you all a very happy Eid Mubarik ❤️

27/04/2018

Blood CP is a very common test performed in the Pathology lab for the purpose of diagnosis of various conditions, this post will be very useful for homeopathic students, doctors and paramedical staff in understanding the basics of this test:

Blood C P (blood complete picture)

The test includes following

RBC count
RBC’S are the blood cells which carry and transport oxygen in the body; they are red in color due to the presence of a pigment called hemoglobin

RBC count is lower than normal in most of the cases of anemia
Normal values:
Male: 4.5 to 5.5 million / L
Female: 3.8 to 4.8 million / L

Red blood cells

Hemoglobin
It is a red colored pigment found in red blood cells, its function is to bind with oxygen and carry it to each and every cell of the body.

Normal values:
Male: 13 to 17 gram/dl
Female: 12 to 15 gram/dl

Anemia
It is defined as lack of hemoglobin below normal levels for the age, s*x and environment of an individual.

Causes:
Changes in bone marrow such as;
1. Aplasia (bone marrow failure)
2. Dyshemopoeisis (disorder in formation of blood cells)
Changes in circulation
1. Hemolysis (reduced life span of red blood cells e.g. In malaria)
2. Acute hemorrhage
Symptoms of anemia:
Pallor of skin
Dyspnoea specially on exertion
Lethargy
Pain and numbness of lower limbs

The most common type of anemia found worldwide is the iron deficiency anemia, the causes for iron deficiency anemia include;
1. poor nutrition
2. poverty
3. multiple pregnancies
4. malabsorption
It is also the most common type of anemia affecting the pregnant women

Red cell indices:
MCV (mean cell volume)
MCV demonstrates the normal size of a red blood cell. In case of Iron deficiency anemia the size of a cell is reduced which means a low MCV (microcytic picture)
While in Megaloblastic anemia the MCV is increased (macrocytic)
Normal value: 80 to 10O fL

MCH (mean cell hemoglobin)
MCH is the total amount of hemoglobin in RBC’S
In case of Iron deficiency anemia the mean cell Hb is reduced along with a low MCV (microcytic picture)
While in Megaloblastic anemia the MCH remains low or can be normal
Normal value: 27 to 34 pg

MCHC (mean cell hemoglobin concentration)
It is the concentration of Hb in the red blood cell
Normal values: 33 to 36 g/dl

PCV (packed cell volume)
It is the percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells
Normal values:
Male: 40 to 54 %
Female: 37 to 47 %

WBC count (leucocytes)
The total number of WBC’s found in one liter of blood
The function of WBC’S is to provide defense to the body against bacteria, virus and other organisms and also provide immunity to the body.
The normal value of WBC count is same in both male and female that is;
4,000 to 11,000 / L

The value of leucocytes increases above normal level that is more than 11,000/l in the following conditions:
Acute infection
T.B
Bacterial infections
Viral infections
Inflammation
when the value is very high that is near or above 20,000 than the patient should be investigated further for:
Leukemia (blood cancer)

A decrease in the number of leucocytes occurs in case of typhoid and diabetes mellitus

Platelet count
Platelets are the blood cells which help in forming the clot after injury or bleeding.

Their value is same in both male and female that is;
150,000 to 4, 00000/ L
Whenever the value of platelet is decreased below normal (thrombocytopenia), blood looses its ability to clot and bleeding occurs from orifices, it occurs in following conditions;
Liver diseases such as; Hepatitis and Chronic liver disease
Clotting disorders

The value of platelets increases in certain conditions such as;
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
Drug reactions

ESR is another common investigation usually requested along with Blood CP, details are given below:

ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
ESR is a routine investigation which is mostly requested along with blood C P, it is a non specific investigation because it is not specific for any disease/ condition. The value of ESR is raised in any type of infection, tissue damage or trauma in the body

Serial ESR examinations are performed to assess the progress of disease.
Its value increases in all inflammatory conditions;
Tissue damage
Pregnancy
T.B
Typhoid
Arthritis
Acute infections
Fractures
The value of ESR decreases in;
Sickle cell anemia ( it is a heredity disease in which bed blood cells become curve shaped and so cannot pass through capillaries and carry oxygen)
Polycythemia (increase in number of red blood cells)

Normal value:
Male: 4 to 10 mm/ hour
Female: 6 to 12 mm/ hour

24/12/2016

24/12/2016

The ABO Blood Group System
There are four major blood groups determined by the presence or absence of two antigens – A and B – on the surface of red blood cells:
Group A – has only the A antigen on red cells (and B antibody in the plasma)
Group B – has only the B antigen on red cells (and A antibody in the plasma)
Group AB – has both A and B antigens on red cells (but neither A nor B antibody in the plasma)
Group O – has neither A nor B antigens on red cells (but both A and B antibody are in the plasma)
There are very specific ways in which blood types must be matched for a safe transfusion. See the chart below:
Group O can donate red blood cells to anybody. It is the universal donor.
Group A can donate red blood cells to A's and AB's.
Group B can donate red blood cells to B's and AB 's.
Group AB can donate to other AB's, but can receive from all others.
In addition to the A and B antigens, there is a third antigen called the Rh factor, which can be either present (+) or absent ( – ). In general, Rh negative blood is given to Rh-negative patients, and Rh positive blood or Rh negative blood may be given to Rh positive patients.
The universal red cell donor has Type O negative blood type.
The universal plasma donor has Type AB blood type.
Blood Types and the Population
O positive is the most common blood type. Not all ethnic groups have the same mix of these blood types. Hispanic people, for example, have a relatively high number of O’s, while Asian people have a relatively high number of B’s. The mix of the different blood types in the U.S. population is:
Caucasians African American
HispanicAsian
O + 37% 47% 53% 39%
O - 8% 4% 4% 1%
A + 33% 24% 29% 27%
A - 7% 2% 2% 0.5%
B + 9% 18% 9% 25%
B - 2% 1% 1% 0.4%
AB + 3% 4% 2% 7%
AB - 1% 0.3% 0.2% 0.1%
Some patients require a closer blood match than that provided by the ABO positive/negative blood typing. For example, sometimes if the donor and recipient are from the same ethnic background the chance of a reaction can be reduced. That’s why an African-American blood donation may be the best hope for the needs of patients with sickle cell disease, 98 percent of whom are of African-American descent.
How Is My Blood Type Determined?
It’s inherited. Like eye color, blood type is passed genetically from your parents. Whether your blood group is type A, B, AB or O is based on the blood types of your mother and father.
This chart shows the potential blood types you may inherit.
Parent 1
AB AB AB AB B A A O O O
Parent 2
AB B A O B B A B A O
O X X X X X X
A X X X X X X X
B X X X X X X X
AB X X X X
Possible blood type of child
* Note: If you have questions about paternity testing or about blood group inheritance, your primary care physician should be able to provide you with an appropriate referral. Testing difficulties can cause exceptions to the above patterns. ABO blood typing is not sufficient to prove or disprove paternity or maternity.