Optometry

Optometry The occupation of measuring eyesight, prescribing corrective lenses, and detecting eye disease.

15/06/2025

Common cause of Vitreous hemorrhage

"Most common cause in general" ✅ Trauma

"Most common cause in adults/systemic disease" ✅ Diabetes

21/02/2025



For bacterial conjunctivitis in infants, the safest and most commonly used medications

Safe Antibiotic Eye Drops/Ointments for Infants (0–12 months)

1. Erythromycin 0.5% Ointment – Safe from birth, applied twice daily.

2. Tobramycin 0.3% Drops/Ointment (Tobrex, Nebra) – Safe for infants, every 4–6 hours.

3. Moxifloxacin 0.5% Drops (Vigamox, Moxeza) – Often used in infants, every 6–8 hours.

4. Chloramphenicol 0.5% Drops / 1% Ointment – Used in some regions but avoid in neonates.

20/02/2025



A patient complained that after doing my near work I can't see thing in distance, but after sometime I see the object normally.

The condition which is experiencing by patient is known as Transient Myopia (Accommodative Spasm or Pseudomyopia).

What Is Happening?

After prolonged near work, the patient’s eyes struggle to relax accommodation, leading to temporary myopia (blurred distance vision). After some time, accommodation relaxes, and distance vision returns to normal.

Causes of This Condition

➡️ Accommodative Spasm – The ciliary muscle remains in a contracted state after prolonged near work, preventing the lens from returning to its normal shape for distance vision.

➡️ Excessive Screen Time or Near Work – Prolonged accommodation without breaks strains the focusing system.

➡️ Uncorrected Hyperopia or Astigmatism – The patient may have a latent refractive error causing overuse of accommodation.

➡️ Accommodative Fatigue – In young patients, prolonged near work without breaks overworks the accommodative system.

➡️ Poor Ergonomics & Lighting – Incorrect posture, low contrast screens, or bright overhead lights contribute to eye strain.

Treatment & Management

✅ 20-20-20 Rule – Encourage the patient to take breaks every 20 minutes and focus on a distant object for 20 seconds.

✅ Blinking & Lubricating Drops – Helps relieve accommodative stress and dry eye symptoms.

✅ Proper Ergonomics – Adjust screen position, text size, and lighting to reduce strain.

✅ Cycloplegic Refraction – If symptoms persist, perform cycloplegic refraction to rule out latent hyperopia or accommodative spasm.

✅ Low Plus Glasses (+0.50D to +1.00D) – Can be prescribed for near work to reduce accommodative effort if needed.

✅ Accommodative Relaxation Exercises – Near-far focusing exercises can help train the accommodative system.

✅ Avoid Excessive Screen Time – Recommend reducing prolonged near work, especially before bedtime.

If symptoms are severe, you can consider prescribing cycloplegic eye drops (e.g., cyclopentolate 1% at night for a short duration) to relax accommodation.

Ophthalmology (OTC) 2 years diploma admissions Session 2025-27
19/02/2025

Ophthalmology (OTC) 2 years diploma admissions Session 2025-27

19/02/2025



If a patient has convergence insufficiency then we have options to prescribe for improving his or her convergence
➡️ Pen Push Exercise

➡️ Minus lenses (-0.25 to -0.75DS)

✅ If a patient has convergence insufficiency, pencil push-up exercises are a primary treatment option. They help strengthen the convergence system and improve near-point convergence (NPC). You can recommend 5 times/day for a month and reassess the improvement.

✅ Research suggests that low-minus lenses (-0.25 to -0.75 DS) can help by stimulating accommodative-convergence, making it easier for the patient to converge.

18/02/2025


Patient having myopia and also on atropine therapy. The patient complain in near reading problem due to atropine therapy.

The patient's symptoms make sense because atropine, even in low doses, reduces accommodation, making near vision harder, especially in myopic patients wearing full-distance correction. Adding a near aid of +1.50 D for reading is a reasonable approach to compensate for this issue.

A few things to consider:

1. Trial Frame Test – Before prescribing, trial frame +1.50 D over her glasses to ensure she finds it comfortable for near work.

2. Adjust Based on Feedback – Some patients might need a slightly lower or higher add power depending on their accommodative response.

3. Educate the Patient – Explain that the near aid is only for reading and that distance vision will remain clear with her usual glasses.

17/02/2025


For hyperopia with astigmatism, refractive laser surgery (LASIK/PRK) can generally correct:

✅ Hyperopia up to +6.00D

✅ Astigmatism up to -5.00D (in some cases, -6.00D may be possible, but results may vary)

Higher amounts of astigmatism may increase the risk of regression or suboptimal results.


If a patient has hyperopia +6.00D with high astigmatism (-5.00D or more), alternatives like Toric ICL or RLE should be considered.

14/02/2025



➡️LASIK & PRK: Can correct up to +4.00D to +6.00D, but beyond +4.00D, results may be unstable.

➡️SMILE: Not suitable for hyperopia yet.

➡️Phakic IOLs (ICL): Better for higher hyperopia (>+6.00D), especially in younger patients with good accommodation.

➡️Clear Lens Exchange (RLE): Best for older patients with presbyopia or very high hyperopia.

10/02/2025



ICL (Implantable Collamer Lens) is a type of refractive surgery used to correct vision, particularly for people with high myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), and astigmatism. It is an alternative to LASIK and PRK, especially for patients with thin corneas or dry eyes.

How It Works:

A biocompatible Collamer lens is implanted inside the eye, between the iris and the natural lens.

Unlike LASIK, which reshapes the cornea, ICL does not alter the corneal structure.

The lens remains in place permanently but can be removed or replaced if needed.

Advantages:

✔ Suitable for high refractive errors (up to -20D myopia)
✔ Preserves the cornea’s natural structure
✔ Provides sharp and high-definition vision
✔ Reversible if needed

Disadvantages:

❌ Requires a surgical procedure
❌ Risk of complications like cataracts, glaucoma, or night halos
❌ More expensive than LASIK

ICL is often recommended for patients who are not good candidates for laser-based refractive surgery.

09/02/2025

(RLE)

It’s a procedure where the natural lens of the eye is removed and replaced with an artificial intraocular lens (IOL) to correct vision. It’s similar to cataract surgery but done primarily to fix refractive errors like high myopia, hyperopia, or presbyopia.

Shout out to my newest followers! Excited to have you onboard! رافع حسن, Athar Shah, Yasir Ali Shah, Haris Malik
09/02/2025

Shout out to my newest followers! Excited to have you onboard! رافع حسن, Athar Shah, Yasir Ali Shah, Haris Malik

04/02/2025



1. PRK (Photorefractive Keratectomy)

2. TransPRK (Transepithelial PRK)

3. LASIK (Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis)

4. Femto-LASIK (Femtosecond LASIK)

5. SMILE (Small Incision Lenticule Extraction)

6. SILK (Smooth Incision Lenticule Keratomileusis)

7. Contoura Vision

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