Medical laboratory scientist

07/07/2025

Urgently Required Male & Female Nurses in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Interested applicants can apply via OEC's website https://oec.gov.pk/.

07/07/2025

19/06/2025

𝙂𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙤𝙥𝙤𝙞𝙚𝙨𝙞𝙨 (Immature White Blood Cells):- The process of producing granulocytes, a type of white blood cell. It occurs in the bone marrow and involves the development of granulocytes from:

Stages
1. *Myeloblast*: Immature cell
2. *Promyelocyte*: Developing cell
3. *Myelocyte*: Intermediate stage
4. *Metamyelocyte*: Nearly mature cell
5. *Band cell*: Immature granulocyte
6. *Mature granulocyte*: Neutrophil, eosinophil, or basophil

Regulation
Granulopoiesis is regulated by growth factors, such as granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), which stimulate the production and maturation of granulocytes.

Importance
Granulopoiesis plays a crucial role in the immune system, helping to fight infections and inflammation.

19/06/2025

19/06/2025

Welcome to the Official Page of a Medical Laboratory Scientist!

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21/05/2025

CULTURE MEDIA AND THEIR INDICATORS.

○ Cluture media nutrient based artificial environment used
to grow microorganisms like bacteria, fungi etc

◦ Indicators in culture media are chemical substances
added to help detect specific biochemical reactions by
changing color.

Examples of culture media and their indicators include:

1. MacConkey Agar
• Indicator: Neutral red
• Color change: Turns pink/red in acidic conditions.
• Lactose fermenters (e.g., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella
pneumoniae) -> Pink colonies
• Non-lactose fermenters (e.g., Salmonella, Shigella) -
Colorless colonies

2. Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) Agar
• Indicator: Eosin Y and methylene blue
•Color change: Dark purple or metallic green in acidic
conditions.
•Strong lactose fermenters (e.g.,E. coli) -> Green metallic
sheen
• Weak fermenters (e.g., Enterobacter aerogenes) -> Pink
colonies
• Non-fermenters -> Colorless
3. Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA)
• Indicator: Phenol red
•Color change: Yellow in acidic conditions
• Mannitol fermenters (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus) -
Yellow colonies and yellow medium
• Non-fermenters (e.g., Staphylococcus epidermidis) -
Pink/red medium.

4. Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) Agar
• Indicator: Phenol red
• Color change: Yellow (acid), red (alkaline), black (H2S)
•Fermenters (xylose/lactose/sucrose) (e.g., E. coli) ->
Yellow colonies
• H2S producers (e.g., Salmonella) -> Red colonies with
black centers
• Non-fermenters (e.g., Shigella) -> Red colonies

5. Thiosulfate-Citrate-Bile-Sucrose (TCBS) Agar
• Indicator: Bromothymol blue and thymol blue
•Color change: Yellow in acidic, blue/green in alkaline
•Sucrose fermenters (e.g., Vibrio cholerae) -> Yellow
colonies
• Non-sucrose fermenters (e.g., Vibrio parahaemolyticus)
-> Green colonies
6. CLED Agar (Cystine-Lactose-Electrolyte-Deficient)
• Indicator: Bromothymol blue
• Color change:
•Lactose fermenters --> Yellow colonies (acid production)
• Non-lactose fermenters - Blue/green colonies (alkaline
reaction)
• E. coli, Klebsiella --> Yellow colonies
• Proteus, Pseudomonas -> Blue/green colonies

7.Blood Agar
• Indicator: None (color change based on hemolysis of red
blood cells, not pH)
• Color change:
• Beta-hemolysis - Clear zone (complete RBC lysis)
• Alpha-hemolysis -> Greenish zone (partial RBC lysis)
• Gamma-hemolysis -> No change (no RBC lysis)
• Hemolytic bacteria:
• Streptococcus pyogenes -> Beta-hemolysis
• Streptococcus pneumoniae ~ Alpha-hemolysis
• Enterococcus faecalis - Gamma-hemolysis

8. Chocolate Agar
• Indicator: None
• Notes:
• Enriched medium with lysed red blood cells; does not
change colors
•Supports growth of fastidious organisms
• Key bacteria grown:
• Haemophilus influenzae
• Neisseria gonorrhoeae
• No color change is used for identification; colony.

15/05/2025

Breast Anatomy

The breast is composed of **glandular tissue, ducts, fat, and connective tissue**. It contains **lobules** that produce milk, which is transported through **ducts** to the **ni**le**. The **ar**la**, the darker area surrounding the ni**le, contains glands that help with lubrication. The breast is supported by **Cooper’s ligaments**, which maintain its shape and structure.

09/05/2025

┏━━━❀ BE INSPIRED HEALTH SERIES ❀━━━┓
TOPIC: VAGINAL INFECTIONS
Let’s talk about the truth, the facts, the dangers, and the solutions.
┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛

📜 HISTORICAL INSIGHT
Vaginal infections go back centuries—found in Egyptian papyri and Greek medical texts by Hippocrates. But only in the 1900s did science uncover the true culprits through microbiology. Today, it’s among the most common reasons women visit a doctor.

🧠 WHAT IS A VAGINAL INFECTION?
It’s vaginal inflammation caused by infection, irritants, or imbalance in normal flora. Medically called vaginitis.

🔬 TYPES OF VAGINAL INFECTIONS:
1️⃣ Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)
• Caused by Gardnerella vaginalis
• Thin, fishy-smelling discharge

2️⃣ Yeast Infection (Candidiasis)
• Caused by Candida albicans
• Itchy, thick white discharge (like cottage cheese)

3️⃣ Trichomoniasis
• Caused by Trichomonas vaginalis
• Frothy, yellow-green, smelly discharge

4️⃣ Chlamydia (STI)
• Often no symptoms
• Can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease

5️⃣ Gonorrhea (STI)
• Painful urination, heavy discharge
• Risk of infertility

6️⃣ Viral Vaginitis (Herpes, HPV)
• Painful sores, burning, and itching

7️⃣ Atrophic Vaginitis (Postmenopausal)
• Estrogen deficiency
• Dryness, burning, painful s*x

⚠️ CAUSES & RISK FACTORS:
• Poor hygiene
• Douching
• Multiple s*xual partners
• Antibiotic misuse
• Hormonal imbalance
• Tight/damp underwear
• Scented soaps/sprays
• Weak immune system

🌡️ COMMON SYMPTOMS:
• Abnormal discharge
• Itching, burning
• Pain during urination or s*x
• Redness or swelling
• Foul smell

🧪 DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS:
• Vaginal swab & microscopy
• pH test
• Wet mount
• Culture & sensitivity
• STI screening

💊 PHARMACEUTICAL TREATMENT:
1. BV:
• Metronidazole 500mg BD for 7 days
• OR Clindamycin 2% cream bedtime, 7 days
2. Candidiasis:
• Fluconazole 150mg once orally
• OR Clotrimazole vaginal cream 3–7 days
3. Trichomoniasis:
• Metronidazole 2g once orally
• Partner must be treated too
4. Chlamydia:
• Doxycycline 100mg BD for 7 days
• OR Azithromycin 1g once
5. Gonorrhea:
• Ceftriaxone 500mg IM + Doxycycline 100mg BD ×7 days

⚕️ DOCTOR’S ROLE:
• Confirm diagnosis
• STI screening
• Treat partners
• Follow-up care

👩‍⚕️ NURSE’S ROLE:
• Hygiene education
• Support drug adherence
• Sexual health counseling
• Testing assistance

🧪 LAB TEAM:
• Microscopy
• Cultures
• Drug resistance testing

🌿 HERBAL REMEDIES IN SIERRA LEONE:
(Supportive only—not curative)
• Neem leaves – sitz bath
• Guava leaves – boil & wash
• Aloe vera – external soothing
• Lime + salt – external use only

📊 GLOBAL STATS:
• 500M+ infections/year globally
• BV alone affects 29% of women

🌍 IN SIERRA LEONE:
• 60% of women report recurrent infections
• Many remain untreated or self-medicated

🏥 WHERE TO GET TREATED:
• Connaught Hospital – Freetown
• PCMH (Cottage) – Freetown
• Bo Government Hospital
• Kenema Government Hospital
• Local clinics & pharmacies

🗣️ PUBLIC HEALTH TIPS:
• Use condoms
• Avoid scented soaps/douching
• Keep dry, clean underwear
• See a doctor early
• Treat partners too

📚 REMEMBER:
Vaginal infections are common—but treatable!
Don’t self-medicate.
Speak to a qualified health worker.
Prevention is better than cure!

Be Inspired / Health Series
Educating Our Nation, One Health Topic at a Time.
Stay Informed. Stay Healthy. Be Inspired.

06/05/2025

(PBS) test, also known as a Blood Film or Peripheral Smear, is a laboratory procedure that involves examining a sample of blood under a microscope to assess the morphology (shape, size, and appearance) of blood cells. It's primarily used to diagnose and monitor blood-related disorders.

Purpose of the Test:

The PBS test helps in:
Identifying anemia types
Diagnosing infections
Detecting leukemias, lymphomas, and other hematological malignancies
Monitoring bone marrow function
Assessing platelet disorders

Specimen Collection:
Sample type: Venous blood
Anticoagulant: Typically EDTA (purple-top tube)

Procedure:
1. :
A drop of blood is placed on one end of a clean glass slide.
A second slide (spreader) is used at a 30–45° angle to spread the blood into a thin film.
The smear is allowed to air-dry completely.

2. :
The slide is stained using Romanowsky stains (most commonly Wright, Giemsa, or Leishman stain).
This helps in differentiating the cellular components.

3. :
The stained smear is examined under oil immersion (100× magnification).

A systematic review is done of:
(RBCs): Size (microcytic, macrocytic), shape (poikilocytosis), color (hypochromia), inclusions (Howell-Jolly bodies, Heinz bodies)

(WBCs): Total and differential count, morphology (blast cells, toxic granulation)

: Number, size, clumping

Normal Findings:

Component / Normal Appearance
. / Normocytic,normochromic, round,central pallor
. / Normal distribution of neutrophils,lymphocytes,monocytes,eosinophils,basophils
. / Scattered, small,purple granules

Abnormal Findings and Their Significance:

Abnormality. / Possible Indication
(RBC size variation) / Iron deficiency,anemia, thalassemia
(RBC shape variation) / Sickle cell anemia,spherocytosis
. / Hemolytic anemia
. / Liver disease,thalassemia
/ Leukemia
. / Megaloblastic anemia
. / mononucleosis
. / Pseudothrombocytopenia

Limitations:
Requires skilled interpretation.
May miss abnormalities if cells are not present in the thin area of the smear.

Clinical Utility:
Helps confirm or rule out findings from automated hematology analyzers.
Essential in the evaluation of unexplained cytopenias, fever of unknown origin, and suspected hematologic malignancies.
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04/05/2025

Fluid of choice
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